745th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron
745th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron
 | |
|---|---|
 Members of the squadron change a T56 engine on a C-130 Hercules in Iraq in 2003 | |
| Active | 1942–1945; 1947–1949; 1952–1956; after 2002 |
| Country |  United States |
| Branch |  United States Air Force |
| Role | Airlift |
| Part of | Air Combat Command |
| Nickname(s) | Lardasaurus Rex (World War II)[1] |
| Engagements | Mediterranean Theater of Operations Iraqi War |
| Decorations | Distinguished Unit Citation Air Force Meritorious Unit Award Air Force Outstanding Unit Award with Combat "V" Device Air Force Outstanding Unit Award |
| Insignia | |
| 745th Bombardment Squadron emblem (World War II)[1] |  |
The 745th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron is a provisional United States Air Force unit. It is assigned to Air Combat Command to activate or inactivate as needed. Most recently, it operated Lockheed C-130 Hercules aircraft in theater airlift missions as part of the Global War on Terrorism.
The squadron was first activated as the 745th Bombardment Squadron in June 1943. After training in the United States, it deployed to the Mediterranean Theater of Operations, where it participated in the strategic bombing campaign against Germany. It earned two Distinguished Unit Citations for its combat operations. Following V-E Day, the squadron returned to the United States and began reorganizing as a very heavy bomber unit, but after the Japanese surrender, was inactivated in October 1945.
The squadron was reactivated in the reserve in 1947, but does not appear to have been fully equipped or manned. It was activated again in 1952 as the 745th Troop Carrier Squadron, when the 456th Troop Carrier Group, replaced the 435th Troop Carrier Group, a reserve group that had been mobilized for the Korean War. It operated from Japan with elements of United States Air Force Security Service, until returning to the United States for inactivation in 1958.
It was converted to provisional status in 2002.
History
[edit]World War II
[edit]The squadron was first activated as the 745th Bombardment Squadron at Wendover Field, Utah on 1 June 1943, where it was one of the four original squadrons of the 456th Bombardment Group and received its initial cadre. Shortly thereafter the squadron moved to Gowen Field, Idaho and began to train with Consolidated B-24 Liberator bombers. It completed its training in December 1943 and began its movement to the Mediterranean Theater of Operations.[2][3]
The squadron arrived in theater at Cerignola Airfield on 11 January 1944 and later that month moved to its combat station of Stornara Airfield, Italy.[2] The squadron began combat operations the following month, primarily engaging in the strategic bombing campaign against Germany. Its early operations were conducted against airfields, aircraft factories, and railroad bridges in Italy, Austria and Romania. On 10 May 1944, the squadron was targeted against a manufacturing center at Wiener Neustadt, Austria. Adverse weather caused most of the attacking force to turn back before reaching the target. The 745th and the rest of the 456th Group proceeded to attack the target despite heavy interceptor opposition that was able to concentrate on defending against the group's Liberators. Its actions in this operation earned the squadron its first Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC).[3]
The squadron expanded its operations to include attacks on locomotive manufacturing plants, oil refineries, oil storage facilities and viaducts in France, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and the Balkan peninsula. On 2 July 1944, the squadron braved severe enemy fighter attacks while bombing oil facilities at Budapest, Hungary, for which it was awarded a second DUC.[3]
The squadron was occasionally diverted from its strategic mission to carry out air support and air interdiction missions. From July through August 1944, it helped prepare the way for Operation Dragoon, the invasion of southern France. In the spring of 1945, it supported Operation Grapeshot, the offensive by the United States Fifth Army and British Eighth Army against remaining German forces in northern Italy.[3]
Following V-E Day, the squadron airlifted supplies to airfields in northern Italy. It returned to the United States in July and began to reorganize as a very heavy bomber unit. However, with the surrender of Japan, the squadron was inactivated on 17 October 1945.[2][3]
Air Force reserve
[edit]The squadron was reactivated as a reserve unit under Air Defense Command (ADC) at McChord Field, Washington in July 1947, where its training was supervised by ADC's 406th AAF Base Unit (later the 2345th Air Force Reserve Training Center).[4] It was nominally a very heavy bomber unit, but the squadron does not appear to have been fully manned or equipped with operational aircraft while a reserve unit.[5] In 1948 Continental Air Command (ConAC) assumed responsibility for managing reserve and Air National Guard units from ADC.[6] President Truman's reduced 1949 defense budget required reductions in the number of units in the Air Force.[7] ConAC also reorganized its reserve units under the wing base organization system in June 1949. As a result, the squadron was inactivated and its personnel and equipment were transferred to elements of the 302d Troop Carrier Wing, which was activated simultaneously.[2][8]
Troop carrier operations
[edit]
The squadron was redesignated the 745th Troop Carrier Squadron and activated at Miami International Airport, Florida, where it replaced the 77th Troop Carrier Squadron, a reserve unit that had been mobilized for the Korean War and which was returning to reserve status.[2][9] The squadron and its Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcars moved to Charleston Air Force Base, South Carolina in August 1953. It participated in numerous military exercises in the United States and overseas, primarily with airborne forces of the United States Army.[10]
In March 1955, the 456th Troop Carrier Wing reorganized, and the squadron was assigned directly to wing headquarters as the 456th Group and all wing support organizations were inactivated, while the squadron formed a detachment with eight C-119L aircraft. In October, the squadron moved with the wing to Shiroi Air Base, Japan, but the flying detachments of the wing were located at various points between Okinawa and Alaska. The squadron took part in Project Drag Net, recovering instrument packages from high altitude research or reconnaissance balloons.[a] The project was terminated in May 1956 due to its low success rate, although the squadron earned an Air Force Outstanding Unit Award for its participation. The squadron returned to the United States and Ardmore Air Force Base, Oklahoma, where it was inactivated in July 1956 and its assets transferred to the 340th Troop Carrier Squadron.[2][10]
Expeditionary operations
[edit]The squadron was converted to provisional status as the 745th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron in June 2002.[11] It was activated as a Lockheed C-130 Hercules airlift squadron as part of the Global War on Terrorism at Al Udeid Air Base, Qatar.[12] The squadron is a "rainbow" unit, made up of aircraft and personnel deployed from a number of different units.[13] In October 2005, the squadron flew humanitarian relief supplies to Chaklala, Pakistan following an earthquake there.[14] In 2005, the squadron deployed a plane and crew to Bagram Air Base, Afghanistan to provide quick reaction airlift for United States Marine and United States Army expeditionary troops assisting Afghan Forces with security prior to elections.[15]
Lineage
[edit]- Constituted as the 745th Bombardment Squadron (Heavy) on 14 May 1943
- Activated on 1 June 1943
- Redesignated 745th Bombardment Squadron, Heavy c. 5 March 1944
- Redesignated 745th Bombardment Squadron, Very Heavy on 5 August 1945
- Inactivated on 17 October 1945
- Activated in the reserve on 12 July 1947
- Inactivated on 27 June 1949
- Redesignated 745th Troop Carrier Squadron, Medium on 15 October 1952
- Activated on 1 December 1952
- Inactivated on 9 July 1956[16]
- Redesignated: 745th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron converted to a provisional unit on 12 June 2002[11]
- Activated after 2002[17]
Assignments
[edit]- 456th Bombardment Group, 1 June 1943 – 17 October 1945
- 456th Bombardment Group, 12 July 1947 – 27 June 1949
- 456th Troop Carrier Group, 1 December 1952
- 456th Troop Carrier Wing, 1 March 1955 – 9 July 1956[16]
- Air Mobility Command to activate or inactivate as needed, 12 June 2002[11]
- Air Combat Command to activate or inactivate as needed, 19 March 2003[18]
- 379th Expeditionary Operations Group, after 2002[12]
Stations
[edit]- Wendover Field, Utah, 1 June 1943
- Gowen Field, Idaho, 14 July 1943
- Bruning Army Air Field, Nebraska, 2 August 1943
- Kearns Army Air Base, Utah, 9 September 1943
- Muroc Army Air Field, California, 2 October–4 December 1943
- Cerignola Airfield, Italy, 11 January 1944
- Stornara Airfield, Italy, 25 January 1944 – 19 July 1945
- Sioux Falls Army Air Field, South Dakota, 1 August 1945
- Smoky Hill Army Air Field, Kansas, 17 August-17 October 1945
- McChord Field (later McChord Air Force Base), Washington, 12 July 1947 – 27 June 1949
- Miami International Airport, Florida, 1 December 1952
- Charleston Air Force Base, South Carolina, 15 August 1953 – 16 October 1955
- Shiroi Air Base, Japan, 10 November 1955
- Ardmore Air Force Base, Oklahoma, 6 June–9 July 1956[16]
- Al Udeid Air Base after 2002[12]
Aircraft
[edit]- Consolidated B-24 Liberator, 1943–1945
- Boeing B-29 Superfortress, 1945
- Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar, 1952–1956[16]
- Lockheed C-130 Hercules, after 2002
Awards and campaigns
[edit]| Award streamer | Award | Dates | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
 |
Distinguished Unit Citation | 10 May 1944 | Wiener Neustadt, Austria 745th Bombardment Squadron[2] |
|
Distinguished Unit Citation | 2 July 1944 | Budapest, Hungary 745th Bombardment Squadron[2] |
 |
Air Force Meritorious Unit Award | 1 September 2003–31 May 2004 | 745th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron[19] |
|
Air Force Meritorious Unit Award | 1 June 2005–31 May 2006 | 745th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron[19] |
 |
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award with Combat "V" Device | 3 May 2003–31 August 2003 | 745th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron[19] |
 |
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award | 1 April 1955-20 March 1956 | 745th Troop Carrier Squadron[2] |
| Campaign Streamer | Campaign | Dates | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
 |
Air Offensive, Europe | 11 January 1944 – 6 June 1944 | 745th Bombardment Squadron[2] |
|
Air Combat, EAME Theater | 11 January 1944 – 11 May 1945 | 745th Bombardment Squadron[2] |
|
Naples-Foggia | 11 January 1944 – 21 January 1944 | 745th Bombardment Squadron[2] |
|
Anzio | 22 January 1944 – 24 May 1944 | 745th Bombardment Squadron[2] |
|
Rome-Arno | 22 January 1944 – 9 September 1944 | 745th Bombardment Squadron[2] |
|
Central Europe | 22 March 1944 – 21 May 1945 | 745th Bombardment Squadron[2] |
|
Southern France | 15 August 1944 – 14 September 1944 | 745th Bombardment Squadron[2] |
|
North Apennines | 10 September 1944 – 4 April 1945 | 745th Bombardment Squadron[2] |
|
Rhineland | 15 September 1944 – 21 March 1945 | 745th Bombardment Squadron[2] |
|
Po Valley | 3 April 1945 – 8 May 1945 | 745th Bombardment Squadron[2] |
 |
Global War on Terror Expeditionary Medal | 745th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron[20] |
See also
[edit]- B-24 Liberator units of the United States Army Air Forces
- List of Lockheed C-130 Hercules operators
- Skyhook balloon
References
[edit]Notes
[edit]- Explanatory notes
- ^ The project or aspects of it operated under various code names: Project Genetrix, WS-119L, and Project Moby Dick. Project Drag Net apparently referred to the training portion of the operation.
- Citations
- ^ a b Watkins, pp. 102–103
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 732–733
- ^ a b c d e Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 330–332
- ^ "Abstract, History 2545 AF Reserve Training Center, Jul-Dec 1948". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
- ^ See Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 732–733 (listing no aircraft for the period 1947–1949)
- ^ "Abstract, Mission Project Closeup, Continental Air Command". Air Force History Index. 27 December 1961. Retrieved 24 March 2014.
- ^ Knaack, p. 25
- ^ Ravenstein, pp. 147–149
- ^ Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 278–279
- ^ a b Ravenstein, pp. 251–252
- ^ a b c DAF/XPM Letter 303s, 12 June 2002, Subject: Air Mobility Command Expeditionary Units
- ^ a b c Ripley, p. 272
- ^ No byline (21 April 2004). "Deployed airlift squadron's teamwork overcomes obstacles". Air Mobility Command Public Affairs. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
- ^ Locke, SRA Cassandra (18 October 2005). "Airmen score triple play on one trip". 379 Air Expeditionary Wing Public Affairs. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
- ^ De Anda, SSG Shanda (26 August 2005). "Critical re-supply saves lives". Defense Visual Information Distribution Service. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
- ^ a b c d Lineage, including assignments, aircraft and stations, through 1963 in Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 732–733
- ^ See Ripley, De Anda, Locke
- ^ DAF/XPM Letter 303s-3, 19 March 2003, Subject: Air Mobility Command Expeditionary Units
- ^ a b c "Air Force Personnel Services: Unit Awards". Air Force Personnel Center. Retrieved 9 May 2019. (search)
- ^ "Special Order G-33994" (PDF). United States Air Forces Central Command. 14 July 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
Bibliography
[edit]
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency
- Knaack, Marcelle Size (1978). Encyclopedia of US Air Force Aircraft and Missile Systems (PDF). Vol. 2, Post-World War II Bombers 1945–1973. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-59-5. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
- Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) [1961]. Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. LCCN 61060979. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
- Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) [1969]. Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. LCCN 70605402. OCLC 72556.
- Ripley, Tim (2010). Middle East Airpower in the 21st Century. Barnsley, England: Pen & Sword Books, Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84884-099-7.
- Watkins, Robert A. (2009). Insignia and Aircraft Markings of the U.S. Army Air Force in World War II. Vol. IV, European-African-Middle Eastern Theater of Operations. Atglen,PA: Shiffer Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7643-3401-6.
- Further reading
- Cantwell, Gerald T. (1997). Citizen Airmen: a History of the Air Force Reserve, 1946-1994. Washington, D.C.: Air Force History and Museums Program. ISBN 0-16049-269-6. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
- Mulcahy, Robert (1 October 2003). "Corona Program Oral History (No. 6): Interview with Lt Col Harold E. Mitchell" (PDF). Space and Missile Systems Center History Office. Retrieved 9 May 2019. (experiences with Project Drag Net)
- Anonymous (1997) [1945]. 456th Bomb Group – Steed's Flying Colts (Turner Limited ed.). Turner Publications. ISBN 978-1563111419.