Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate

4,4′-Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate
Names
	Preferred IUPAC name 1,1′-Methylenebis(4-isocyanatobenzene)
	Other names Bis(4-isocyanatophenyl)methane; 1-Isocyanato-4-[(4-isocyanatophenyl)methyl]benzene; 4,4′-Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate; 4,4′-Diphenylmethane diisocyanate; Bayer Desmodur 44; Methylene bis(4-phenyl isocyanate); Pure MDI;
Identifiers
CAS Number	101-68-8 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image; Interactive image;
ChEBI	CHEBI:53218 ;
ChemSpider	7289 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.043.361
EC Number	4,4'-: 202-966-0;
PubChem CID	7570;
RTECS number	NQ9350000;
UNII	B0LO6BBS8C ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C15H10N2O2/c18-10-16-14-5-1-12(2-6-14)9-13-3-7-15(8-4-13)17-11-19/h1-8H,9H2 Key: UPMLOUAZCHDJJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;
	SMILES O=C=NC(C=C2)=CC=C2CC1=CC=C(N=C=O)C=C1; O=C=N\c1ccc(cc1)Cc2ccc(\N=C=O)cc2;
Properties
Chemical formula	C15H10N2O2
Molar mass	250.25 g/mol
Appearance	White or pale yellow solid
Density	1.230 g/cm3, solid
Melting point	40 °C (104 °F; 313 K)
Boiling point	314 °C (597 °F; 587 K)
Solubility in water	Reacts
Vapor pressure	0.000005 mmHg (20 °C)
Hazards
	GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word	Danger
Hazard statements	H315, H317, H319, H332, H334, H335, H351, H373
Precautionary statements	P201, P202, P260, P261, P264, P271, P272, P280, P281, P285, P302+P352, P304+P312, P304+P340, P304+P341, P305+P351+P338, P308+P313, P312, P314, P321, P332+P313, P333+P313, P337+P313, P342+P311, P362, P363, P403+P233, P405, P501
Flash point	212–214 °C (Cleveland open cup)
	Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (median dose)	2200 mg/kg (mouse, oral)
LDLo (lowest published)	31,690 mg/kg (rat, oral)
LC50 (median concentration)	369 mg/m3 (rat, 4 hr); 380 mg/m3 (rat, 4 hr); 178 mg/m3 (rat);
	NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)	C 0.2 mg/m3 (0.02 ppm)
REL (Recommended)	TWA 0.05 mg/m3 (0.005 ppm) C 0.2 mg/m3 (0.020 ppm) [10-minute]
IDLH (Immediate danger)	75 mg/m3
Related compounds
Related Isocyanates	Toluene diisocyanate; Naphthalene diisocyanate; Hexamethylene diisocyanate; Isophorone diisocyanate;
Related compounds	Polyurethane
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) is an aromatic diisocyanate. Three isomers are common, varying by the positions of the isocyanate groups around the rings: 2,2′-MDI, 2,4′-MDI, and 4,4′-MDI. The 4,4′ isomer is most widely used, and is also known as 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate.^[3] This isomer is also known as Pure MDI. MDI reacts with polyols in the manufacture of polyurethane. It is the most produced diisocyanate, accounting for 61.3% of the global market in the year 2000.^[4]

Production

Total world production of MDI and polymeric MDI is over 7.5 million tonnes per year (in 2017).

As of 2019, the largest producer was Wanhua Chemical Group.^[5] Other major producers are Covestro,^[6] BASF, Dow, Huntsman, Tosoh, Kumho Mitsui Chemicals. All major producers of MDI are members of the International Isocyanate Institute, whose aim is the promotion of the safe handling of MDI and TDI in the workplace, community and environment.

The first step of the production of MDI is the reaction of aniline and formaldehyde, using hydrochloric acid as a catalyst to produce 4,4'-Methylenedianiline and other diamine precursors, as well as their corresponding polyamines:

Then, these diamines are treated with phosgene to form a mixture of isocyanates, the isomer ratio being determined by the isomeric composition of the diamine. Two different reaction mechanisms for this transformation are possible, namely "phosgenations first" and "step-wise phosgenations".^[7]

Distillation of the mixture gives a mixture of oligomeric polyisocyanates, known as polymeric MDI, and a mixture of MDI isomers which has a low 2,4′ isomer content. Further purification entails fractionation of the MDI isomer mixture.^[8]

Reactivity of the isocyanate group

The positions of the isocyanate groups influences their reactivity. In 4,4′-MDI, the two isocyanate groups are equivalent but in 2,4′-MDI the two groups display highly differing reactivities. The group at the 4-position is approximately four times more reactive than the group at the 2-position due to steric hindrance.^[4]

Applications

The major application of 4,4′-MDI is the production of rigid polyurethane.^[9] These rigid polyurethane foams are good thermal insulators and used in nearly all freezers and refrigerators worldwide, as well as buildings. Typical polyols used are polyethylene adipate (a polyester) and poly(tetramethylene ether) glycol (a polyether).

4,4′-MDI is also used as an industrial strength adhesive, which is available to end consumers as various high-strength bottled glue preparations.^[10]

Safety

MDI, like the other isocyanates, is an allergen and sensitizer. Persons developing sensitivity to isocyanates may have dangerous systemic reactions to extremely small exposures, including respiratory failure. Handling MDI requires strict engineering controls and personal protective equipment.^[11] It is a potentially violently reactive material towards water and other nucleophiles.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0413". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
^ ^a ^b ^c "Methylene bisphenyl isocyanate". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
^ Pubchem. "4,4'-Diphenylmethane diisocyanate | C15H10N2O2 - PubChem". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2017-06-25.
^ ^a ^b Randall, D.; Lee, S. (2003). The Polyurethanes Book. New York: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-85041-1.
^ Tullo, Alexander H. (29 July 2019). "C&EN's Global Top 50 chemical companies of 2018". Chemical & Engineering News. Vol. 97, no. 30. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
^ Gal, J. (2012-02-20). "To the Rescue". ICIS Chemical Business. Archived from the original on 2012-03-26. Retrieved 2020-01-15.
^ Boros, R. Zsanett; Koós, Tamás; Wafaa, Cheikh; Nehéz, Károly; Farkas, László; Viskolcz, Béla; Szőri, Milán (2018-08-16). "A theoretical study on the phosgenation of methylene diphenyl diamine (MDA)". Chemical Physics Letters. 706: 568–576. Bibcode:2018CPL...706..568B. doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2018.06.024. ISSN 0009-2614. S2CID 102682388.
^ Six, C.; Richter, F. "Isocyanates, Organic". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a14_611. ISBN 978-3527306732.
^ Boustead, I. (2005). "Polyurethane rigid foam" (PDF). Eco-Profiles of the European Plastics Industry. Brussels: PlasticsEurope. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-25.
^ US patent 6884904, Smith, A. K.; Goddard, R. J.; Paulsen, E. J. L., "MDI-based polyurethane prepolymer with low monomeric MDI content", issued 2005-04-26
^ Almaguer, D.; et al. (September 2006). "Preventing Asthma and Death from MDI Exposure During Spray-on Truck Bed Liner and Related Applications" (PDF). NIOSH Alert. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2006–149. Retrieved 2012-08-14.

External links

International Chemical Safety Card 0298
IARC Monograph: "4,4'-Methylenediphenyl Diisocyanate"
NIOSH Safety and Health Topic: Isocyanates, from the website of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
Isofact American Chemistry Council Diisocyanates Panel
Azom Chemical database on Polyurethane chemistry
MDI and the Environment - 2005 presentation by Center for the Polyurethanes Industry
International Isocyanate Institute
Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 27

[PGCH-1] NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0413". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).

[IDLH-2] "Methylene bisphenyl isocyanate". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).

[3] Pubchem. "4,4'-Diphenylmethane diisocyanate | C15H10N2O2 - PubChem". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2017-06-25.

[Randall-4] Randall, D.; Lee, S. (2003). The Polyurethanes Book. New York: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-85041-1.

[5] Tullo, Alexander H. (29 July 2019). "C&EN's Global Top 50 chemical companies of 2018". Chemical & Engineering News. Vol. 97, no. 30. Retrieved 15 January 2020.

[icis-6] Gal, J. (2012-02-20). "To the Rescue". ICIS Chemical Business. Archived from the original on 2012-03-26. Retrieved 2020-01-15.

[7] Boros, R. Zsanett; Koós, Tamás; Wafaa, Cheikh; Nehéz, Károly; Farkas, László; Viskolcz, Béla; Szőri, Milán (2018-08-16). "A theoretical study on the phosgenation of methylene diphenyl diamine (MDA)". Chemical Physics Letters. 706: 568–576. Bibcode:2018CPL...706..568B. doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2018.06.024. ISSN 0009-2614. S2CID 102682388.

[8] Six, C.; Richter, F. "Isocyanates, Organic". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a14_611. ISBN 978-3527306732.

[9] Boustead, I. (2005). "Polyurethane rigid foam" (PDF). Eco-Profiles of the European Plastics Industry. Brussels: PlasticsEurope. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-25.

[10] US patent 6884904, Smith, A. K.; Goddard, R. J.; Paulsen, E. J. L., "MDI-based polyurethane prepolymer with low monomeric MDI content", issued 2005-04-26

[11] Almaguer, D.; et al. (September 2006). "Preventing Asthma and Death from MDI Exposure During Spray-on Truck Bed Liner and Related Applications" (PDF). NIOSH Alert. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2006–149. Retrieved 2012-08-14.

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