Jump to content

2018 Sunda Strait tsunami

Coordinates: 6°06′11″S 105°25′23″E / 6.103°S 105.423°E / -6.103; 105.423
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

2018 Sunda Strait tsunami
Scene of destruction in Carita Beach, Banten after the tsunami struck
Date22 December 2018
Timearound 21:38 WIB
(14:38 UTC)
LocationSunda Strait, Indonesia
Coordinates6°06′11″S 105°25′23″E / 6.103°S 105.423°E / -6.103; 105.423
TypeVolcanic tsunami
Deaths426[1][2]
Non-fatal injuries14,059[1]
Missing25[3]
Property damage2,752 houses and 510 ships[4]

The 2018 Sunda strait tsunami (Indonesian: Tsunami Selat Sunda 2018) occurred on 22 December 2018 at around 21:38 local time after large parts of the southwestern side of Anak Krakatoa collapsed onto its caldera.[5] The landslide spawned a massive tsunami wave that struck multiple coastal regions in Banten and Lampung, including the popular tourist destination of Anyer.[6]

Lack of warnings on the arrival of the tsunami, coinciding with the Christmas and New Year holiday season in the nation, and night time setting in the area contributed to the large loss of life. With 426 deaths, the tsunami was the deadliest volcanic tsunami in recorded history in Indonesia since the 1883 Krakatoa tsunami, which originated from the same island.[7]

Following the tsunami, Indonesian authorities installed multiple emergency early warning systems in tsunami-prone areas. The newer system would detect any significant disturbances on water levels, including changes caused by volcanic activity or undersea landslide.[8]

Background

[edit]
Anak Krakatau in 2013

Lying on the Ring of Fire, Indonesia experiences frequent earthquakes and is home to 127 active volcanoes. One such volcano is Krakatoa in the Sunda Strait. The volcano was famous for its historic eruption in 1883, one of the most violent eruptions in recorded history. That eruption, through tsunamis and ash fall, killed more than 36,000 people, many of whom lived in the same regions where the 2018 tsunami struck. The 1883 eruption was violent enough to destroy the majority of the island, causing it to collapse into its caldera.[9][10]

Approximately 45 years after the historic eruption of Krakatoa in 1883, Anak Krakatau ("Child of Krakatau") Anak Krakatau rose out of the sea where the old Krakatau volcano had collapsed.[11] Since then, Anak Krakatau has grown to a height of around 300 meters above sea level. Its frequent volcanic activity poses risks to the nearby coastal regions and seafarers. As such, in 1980, the Indonesian government set up a permanent volcano observatory in the island to observe its activity and to prevent another disastrous event in the region.[12]

An investigation in 1928 during the volcano's re-emergence found that the western slope had grown considerably steeper than its eastern slope, which was caused by the strong current in the region and the steep wall of its basin. Researchers in 1995 reported that the following eruptions of Anak Krakatau did not result in an infilling of the caldera and thus concluded that the possibility of a flank collapse could not be excluded. In 2012, a study conducted by international researchers suggested the possibility of a major flank collapse on Anak Krakatau at some point in the future, which could produce dangerous tsunami waves. The hypothetical tsunami from Anak Krakatau was calculated to possibly reach an initial height of 43 meters before finally striking the western coast of Java and southeastern coast of Sumatra at a height of approximately 2–3 meters, considerably lower than that in 1883. However, owing to the population density in the region, insufficient mitigation measures could cause significant numbers of deaths and major damage to the area.[12]

In the months leading up to the 2018 tsunami, Anak Krakatau had seen increased activity. Starting in June 2018, Anak Krakatau saw an increase of volcanic activity with a Strombolian eruption, producing lava flows and ash plumes as high as 5 km. One day prior to the collapse, on 21 December, an eruption was observed, lasting more than two minutes and producing an ash cloud 400 metres (1,300 ft) high.[9]

Tsunami

[edit]
Affected area across the Sunda Strait.

The Volcanological Survey of Indonesia (PVMBG) recorded a dramatic increase in activity of Anak Krakatau. On 22 December, from 12:00 to 18:00 local time, a total of 423 eruptions were recorded by the agency. The danger level of the volcano was increased to Level 2. Authorities warned people not to conduct any activities within two kilometres (1.2 mi) of the volcano.[13]

On 22 December 2018, at 21:03 local time (14:03 UTC), Anak Krakatau erupted and damaged local seismographic equipment, though a nearby seismographic station detected continuous tremors.[14] A large part of the volcano's southwestern side broke off and fell into the sea, causing a tsunami. Officials stated that approximately 64 hectares (160 acres) of the volcano had collapsed into the ocean.[15] The collapse caused the height of the volcano to be reduced from 338 to 110 metres (1,109 to 361 ft).[16]

The Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency (BMKG) detected a tsunami around 21:27 local time (14:27 UTC) at the western coast of Banten, even though the agency had not detected any preceding tectonic events.[17] The Indonesian National Agency for Disaster Countermeasure (BNPB) spokesman Sutopo Purwo Nugroho said, "Dozens of buildings were destroyed by the wave, which hit beaches in Lampung and Banten about 21:30 local time (14:30 UTC) on Saturday."[10] According to The Jakarta Post, authorities said that the tsunami "may have been triggered by an abnormal tidal surge due to a full Moon and an underwater landslide following the eruption of Anak Krakatau."[10] The Agency initially refused to label the event as a tsunami, claiming that it was a "normal" high tide and that no tsunami had occurred on the coast of Banten.[18]

Previously, BMKG had issued a high wave warning for the waters of the strait.[19] Tide gauges measured the tsunami at around 90 centimetres (35 in) in Serang and 30 centimetres (12 in) in Lampung,[20] on top of the two-metre (6 ft 7 in) high tide.[21] While Indonesia possesses a tsunami warning system for tsunamis caused by earthquakes, there is none for volcanic tsunamis. Hence there were no early warnings.[22] On 23 December, satellite data and helicopter footage confirmed that the southwest sector of the volcano had collapsed, which triggered the tsunami, and that the main volcanic conduit was erupting from underwater, producing Surtseyan-style activity.[23]

The waves struck about 313 kilometres (194 mi) of coastline with various heights.[4] In Carita, the waves reportedly struck with a height of at least two metres (6 ft 7 in), while in Tanjung Lesung a height of more than five metres (16 ft) was reported.[24] Further surveys conducted on 31 December by the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, with assistance from Tohoku University and Chuo University, revealed that the tsunami struck the coastline of Banten and Lampung at a height of 13.4 metres (44 ft).[25][26]

Øystein Lund Andersen, a Norwegian volcano photographer who photographed the eruption of Anak-Krakatau prior to the tsunami, described the eruption as "quite heavy".[27] Andersen was alone at the shore when the tsunami waves arrived, but managed to escape: "The wave came out of nowhere," he said, "and within seconds I had to run," he stated in an interview with Forbes.[28] Following the event he published an eyewitness account.[29]

Casualties

[edit]
The aftermath of the tsunami at the venue of Seventeen's beachfront concert at Tanjung Lesung

The Indonesian National Board for Disaster Management (BNPB) initially reported 20 deaths and 165 injuries.[10] By the following day, the figure had been revised to 43 deaths — 33 in Pandeglang, seven in South Lampung, and three in Serang Regencies, with 584 injured, and two missing; most of the injuries recorded (491) also occurred in Pandeglang.[14][30][31] The death toll was further updated to 62 with 20 missing persons later that day.[32] Missing persons were also reported from small islands that are part of Pandeglang Regency.[33] By 13:00 local time on 23 December, BNPB had confirmed 168 fatalities and 745 injuries with 30 having been reported as missing,[9] and the figure was further increased to 281 dead and 1,016 injured.[34] As of 31 December, the death toll was 437, with 14,059 reported injured and 24 missing.[1][35] Indonesian officials later revised the death toll to 426, with 24 reported missing and at least 7,202 injured in total.[2] Survivors reported a pungent smell of dead bodies due to the ever-increasing number of deaths. [36]

The areas of Pandeglang Regency struck by the wave included beaches that are popular tourist destinations, such as Tanjung Lesung. The tsunami struck during peak season, where hundreds had arrived to celebrate the Christmas and New Year holiday.[37] In Pandeglang, the popular pop group Seventeen was performing a concert when the tsunami struck without warning. A pasar malam (funfair) was also being held in Sumur District, Pandeglang. Eyewitnesses from the funfair recalled the tsunami struck with a height nearly as high as the light pole, with dozens, including children, reportedly dragged by the rushing wave.[38]

Indonesian officials stated that most of those who died were found inside villas and hotels, especially those located at Carita Beach, Banten. At least 24 people were killed inside a single villa in Carita, with dozens more reportedly found inside other villas.[39] Indonesian Navy stated that dozens of bodies were also recovered from the sea.[40]

Among the victims were Aa Jimmy, an Indonesian actor and comedian,[41] and several members of the Indonesian band Seventeen — bassist Awal "Bani" Purbani, guitarist Herman Sikumbang, road manager Oki Wijaya, and crewmember Ujang was declared to be dead at the scene. After one day being announced missing, drummer Windu Andi Darmawan and Dylan Sahara, wife of Seventeen's vocalist Ifan were reported to have been found dead.[42] A video circulated online showing the band's stage being struck by the tsunami in the middle of their show at Tanjung Lesung, causing it to collapse and the audience to flee. Officials confirmed that dozens of concert-goers had been killed by the tsunami.[43] Tour groups from state-owned company PLN and the Sports and Youth Ministry were also affected by the tsunami. It was confirmed that 260 people had attended the gathering event, where the Seventeen concert was being held. On 23 December, officials from the company stated that at least 14 people related to the PLN had been killed, 89 people from the company had been declared missing and more than 150 had been injured by the tsunami.[44][45] This number later rose to 23 in the afternoon.[46] On 25 December, it was announced that 43 people from PLN had been killed, while 156 others survived. Most of them were killed while watching the Seventeen concert.[47]

Impact

[edit]

Damage

[edit]
Anak Krakatau, seen from space in February 2019, more than a month after the collapse. The photo showed a large-scale deformation on the southwest side of the volcano, with sediments flowing towards the sea.

Widespread damages were reported throughout southern Lampung and the eastern coast of Banten, particularly in Pandeglang. More than 400 structures, including villas and resorts, were heavily damaged or destroyed by the tsunami. In Sumur District, Pandeglang Regency, a village was virtually wiped out by the tsunami. Sumur District was considered to be the most heavily affected. 7 other villages in Pandeglang were also regarded as the most heavily affected villages.[48] There were widespread reports of blackout in the affected areas in Banten. The Indonesian state owned electric company PLN reported that at least 248 of their power stations were affected and 41 power lines were toppled by the tsunami.[49] However, there were no electricity problems reported in Lampung.[50] The road connecting Serang and Pandeglang was cut off.[51] South Lampung Regency was the worst affected regency in Lampung, with 4 districts: Kalianda, Rajabasa, Sidomulyo, and Katibung, were listed as the most heavily affected districts.[14][52][53]

The tsunami however did not damage much vital infrastructure.[54] Telecommunications in Banten and Lampung were not heavily affected. There were reports that several base transceiver station were temporarily inoperable.[55] 2 days after the tsunami, authorities stated that 99% of telecommunication network in the affected areas had been restored. Electricity in Sumur District, regarded as the most heavily affected area, was restored within 48-hour.[56] Communication was fully restored on 28 December, 5 days after the disaster.[57]

The Indonesian government stated that the tsunami caused an estimated total damage of 150 billion rupiah in Tanjung Lesung alone, which is a popular tourist hotspot located in Pandeglang Regency.[58] At least 30% of structures in Tanjung Lesung were damaged or destroyed.[59] Experts stated that Tanjung Lesung would need at least 6 months to fully recover from the tsunami.[60] The Government of South Lampung Regency reported a preliminary damage cost of 202 billion rupiah.[61]

Effect on local economy

[edit]

As the tsunami struck the region popular with tourist and due to the fact that another tsunami had struck Indonesia in September, the presence of another tsunami in December caused substantial fears among Indonesians to travel to or near the beach. Fishermen in Pacitan, East Java decided not to fish due to fears of tsunami.[62] The Indonesian tourism industry was hit hard.[63] 90% of reservations in Anyer, Banten was cancelled due to the tsunami.[64] Travel industry throughout the country reported a drop in reservations and incomes.[65] Popular beaches in South Lampung had to be closed due to the tsunami.[66] In Ancol, Jakarta, there were reports of significant drop in tourist arrival.[67]

Lessons

[edit]

The 2018 Sunda Strait tsunami highlighted several critical areas for improvement in disaster preparedness and response. This includes volcanic Tsunami awareness; this event underscored the need for greater awareness of tsunamis caused by volcanic activity, not just earthquakes. This led to increased research and education efforts worldwide on volcanic tsunami hazards. [68] There has also been a resurgence in early warning systems; the lack of a specific warning system for volcanic tsunamis prompted Indonesia and other countries to reassess and upgrade their tsunami detection and alert mechanisms. Many countries have since integrated volcanic activity into their tsunami warning protocols.[69] The disaster emphasized the importance of monitoring multiple hazards simultaneously. As a result, many countries have adopted more comprehensive, integrated approaches to natural disaster monitoring.

Additionally the event led to improvements in emergency response procedures, with many countries updating their disaster management plans to better handle complex, cascading events. These rapid response protocols could mitigate many future disasters. There has also been a global push to better educate coastal communities about various tsunami risks and appropriate evacuation procedures.[70] These lessons have collectively contributed to more robust and comprehensive disaster preparedness strategies worldwide, potentially saving lives in future events.[71]

Rising volcanic activity

[edit]

After the disaster on 22 December, the volcanic activity of Anak Krakatau skyrocketed. A massive eruption occurred on 26 December and the sound of the eruption was noticeably heard by residents in Cianjur, West Java and Ogan Komering Ulu, South Sumatra,[72][73] which was located more than 200 km from the volcano. Most people compared the sound of the eruption to a bomb blast or gas tank explosion.[74] The Indonesian Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency (BMKG) stated that sensors would be installed around the volcano and that the volcano would be observed intensively due to its unstable condition. On 27 December, the status of the volcano was raised to Level 3, the second highest danger level. Residents were not allowed to conduct any activities within 5 km of the volcano.[75]

Response

[edit]
Heavy equipment and soldiers were dispatched to assist the search and rescue efforts.

Domestic

[edit]

President of Indonesia Joko Widodo ordered an immediate field response by BNPB, the Social Ministry, and the Indonesian National Armed Forces.[76] Vice President Jusuf Kalla held an emergency meeting with Minister of Public Works and Public Housing Basuki Hadimuljono, Minister of Administrative and Bureaucratic Reform Syafruddin and the Directorate General of Indonesia's Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing Danis Hidayat Sumadilaga in Jakarta to discuss the management of the disaster.[77] The Ministry of Tourism temporarily halted all promotion for tourism to Lampung and Banten.[78] An emergency response period was set up, spanning two weeks for Pandeglang and a week for South Lampung.[79] The emergency response period in South Lampung Regency was later extended to 19 January 2019.[80] The Ministry of Health sent a freezer container to Pandeglang.[81] Ministry of Internal Affairs stated that emergency funds would be provided to repair damaged government buildings in Banten and Lampung.[82] Minister of State-owned enterprises of Indonesia Rini Soemarmo donated 3 billion rupiah from her ministry to the survivors.[83] The Coordinating Minister for Human Development and Culture Puan Maharani stated that the government would provide a 15 million rupiah compensation to each of the victims.[84] Indonesian National Board for Disaster Management would provide 500 million rupiah to the affected areas.[85]

On 26 December, President Joko Widodo examined the damage in Pandeglang Regency. He would supervise the search and rescue efforts in the affected areas.[86] On his second visit on 2 January, he ordered every local officials in Lampung and Banten to relocate, reconstruct and to "redesign" the coastal residential and commercial zone that are located on the coast. This order was then forwarded to every head of the local governments in Indonesia, especially those who live in an earthquake and tsunami prone area.[87][88]

The Indonesian Central Government stated that 1 billion rupiah of aid would be provided to the local governments in Banten and Lampung.[89] The Government of Serang Regency provided aid funds of 4 billion rupiah for the rehabilitation process.[90] On 27 December, the Indonesian Government announced that additional aid worth 1 billion rupiah would be sent to the survivors. The Indonesian Ministry of Social Affairs announced that 7 community kitchen were set up across Pandeglang, while 5 others were set up in Lampung.[91] Government of West Java sent volunteers, assessment team and emergency funds to Banten.[92] The Government of Central Java sent 49 volunteers and deployed 6 trucks carrying aid worth Rp 492 million.[93] Government of Banten announced that they would build 700 new permanent houses for the survivors of the tsunami.[94] In South Lampung Regency, the Indonesian National Board for Disaster Management announced that they would build temporary housing for the survivors.[95]

A landslide tsunami in Indonesia is regarded as a rare occurrence by the Indonesian National Board for Disaster Management. Thus, it is not considered as an imminent threat and therefore authorities often do not pay enough attention to it. Due to this fact, the Indonesian Coordinating Ministry for Maritime held a joint discussion with the Indonesian Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency, the Indonesian Agency for Assessment and Application of Technology, geological agencies and the Indonesian Institute of Sciences to investigate and to study the tsunami and Mount Anak Krakatau.[96]

Multiple political parties sent aids, volunteers, ambulances and logistics to the affected areas. The Great Indonesia Movement Party announced that a community dinner would be held for the survivors of the tsunami. One of the party's wing, the Kesehatan Rakyat Indonesia (Indonesian People's Healthcare), had sent logistics, volunteers and clothes to Pandeglang.[97] The East Java branch of the Nasdem Party sent trucks carrying logistics to Banten.[98] Head of the National Awakening Party Muhaimin Iskandar urged his party's MPs to "secure" the funds that had been relocated by the government for disaster mitigation and to collaborate for further coordination in the handling of the disaster.[99] The Prosperous Justice Party sent volunteers to the group of islands in Sunda Strait that were cut off by the tsunami to distribute aids.[100] Crescent Star Party set up a command center in Serang Regency, Banten for the management of the aids distribution.[101] The Speaker of the People's Representative Council Bambang Soesatyo issued a recommendation to the Indonesian Regional Board for Disaster Management and the Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency to fix the "disaster early warning systems" in Indonesia.[102]

More than a dozen state-owned enterprises of Indonesia offered assistance to the survivors of the tsunami.[103] The Indonesian petrol company Pertamina sent 27,000 LPG tanks to Pandeglang and 200 liters of petroleum to Legundi Island, Lampung.[104][105] Heavy equipment such as excavator were sent to Banten and Lampung. The state-owned pharmaceutical company Bio Farma sent vaccines and medical team.[106] Free vaccination was also provided by the company.[107] Ignasius Jonan, Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources, dispatched 17 Emergency Response Team from his ministry to the affected areas.[108] Telkomsel sent 400 units of sembako, dozens of instant food, blankets, and other essential supplies worth 170 million rupiah.[109]

The Indonesian Red Cross created a website for the families whose relatives went missing in the tsunami.[110] 300 Indonesian Red Cross volunteers from Banten were sent to Serang and Pandeglang.[111] Banser, a Nahdlatul Ulama affiliated organisation, sent hundreds of volunteers to the affected areas.[112]

More than 5,000 people were displaced by the tsunami, with 3,050 people in Pandeglang Regency, Banten and more than 2,500 in Lampung.[113] Local mosques and fields were turned into evacuation centre. In Lampung, the regional government buildings were declared as a crisis center and as an evacuation center. On 2 January, officials announced that nearly 40,000 people had evacuated to the nearest evacuation centre, of whom more than 22,000 were from Pandeglang Regency and nearly 8,000 were from Lampung.[113] In Pandeglang, more than 12,000 people evacuated due to trauma from the tsunami, while the other 10,000 evacuated as their houses had been either damaged or destroyed. 41 schools were turned into evacuation centers.[113]

Following the tsunami, a malfunction caused the tsunami warning siren at a Pandeglang village to ring and prompted residents to evacuate.[114] Meanwhile, the Indonesian National Board for Disaster Management warned coastal residents that there was a possibility that another tsunami would strike the region again, citing the unstable condition of the slope due to the landslide. Officials announced that at least 2 new cracks, one of which was 1 km long,[115] had been formed on the volcano and that these cracks could widen if a magnitude 3.4 earthquake or stronger occur near the volcano, which could cause another landslide and could trigger another devastating tsunami.[116] Residents who lived within 1 km of the coastline were evacuated.[117]

In response to the tsunami, Facebook activated its safety check.[118] In social media, thousands of Indonesians offered their condolences and started online fundraising.[119] Charity lines were set up and charity concerts were also conducted throughout the country.[120][121][122] Prayer services for the victims were also held throughout the country.[123][124]

International

[edit]

Hours after the event, Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison offered aid for the affected areas.[125] Aids were also sent by Oxfam Australia.[126] Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi also offered condolences and help.[127][non-primary source needed][128] Queen Elizabeth, along with Prince Philip, also offered their condolences.[129] Chinese President Xi Jinping and South Korean President Moon Jae-in also offered their condolences and wished for quick recovery for the victims.[130] Malaysian Deputy Prime Minister Wan Azizah Wan Ismail also offered assistance.[131] Singaporean President Halimah Yacob and Singaporean Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong also sent a letter of condolence to President Joko Widodo.[132] The Singapore Red Cross pledged S$50,000 in humanitarian aid and would send volunteers and medical team to Banten and Lampung.[133] A public fundraising conducted by the Singapore Red Cross managed to collect a total of S$80,000, which would be used for buying aids and supplies for the survivors.[134] U.S. President Donald Trump sent condolences and prayers to the victims, stating that "America is with you".[135] Pope Francis sent condolences to Indonesia, asking people to pray for the victims.[136] Later on, the Pope sent his contribution to the relief efforts through the Vatican's Dicastery for Promoting Integral Human Development.[137] Russian President Vladimir Putin phoned President Joko Widodo and offered his condolences.[138] New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern extended her condolences and offered relief and recovery efforts to Indonesia following the tsunami.[139] New Zealand Minister of Foreign Affairs Winston Peters stated that the government would send $1.5 million to help the recovery efforts through the International Federation of the Red Cross.[140] Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe immediately phoned President Joko Widodo to offer his condolences and also stated that Japan would provide aid to Indonesia.[141] Israeli Foreign Ministry offered "profound sympathies" for the affected. Israel-based international humanitarian aid agency IsraAID sent emergency response team to Banten and Lampung[126][142] Philippines President Rodrigo Duterte ordered several national government agencies to prepare the financial assistance to Indonesia.[143] Taiwan Foreign Ministry announced that the Taiwanese Government would donate US$500,000 to support relief efforts in Indonesia.[144] The European Union extended their sympathies for the victims and announced that they would provide €80,000 for the relief efforts.[145] Jamaica Tourism Minister, Edmund Bartlett, offered assistance through the Global Tourism Resilience and Crisis Management Centre.[146] Japan Governor of Ehime Prefecture Tokihiro Nakamura met with Vice President Jusuf Kalla on 14 January to deliver donations collected from several local governments in Ehime.[147]

The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee provided health services, aids and supplies for the survivors.[142][126] The international humanitarian organisation Islamic Relief provided aids and essential supplies to the affected, stating that they were working together with local humanitarian organisation PKPU Human Initiative.[148] Baltimore-based Catholic Relief Services sent emergency team and provided temporary shelter for the survivors.[149] Christian Aid sent medical team to the affected areas.[150] The Malaysian Consultative Council for Islamic Organisations (MAPIM) sent volunteers and aids to the survivors. Humanitarian Care Malaysia (MyCARE) also sent basic aids to the survivors.[151] Médecins Sans Frontières sent medical team and provided mobile clinics and health services to the survivors.[152]

In the aftermath of the tsunami, at least 3 countries; Australia, Canada, and United Kingdom, issued travel advice for its citizens.[153]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "Number ofhiiii injured in Indonesia tsunami surges to over 14,000". The Star Online. Asean Plus. Archived from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2018.
  2. ^ a b "Indonesia Revisi Jumlah Korban Tsunami Anak Krakatau" (in Indonesian). Mata Mata Politik. 29 December 2018. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
  3. ^ "Number of people injured by tsunami soars to 7,200". The Straits Times. 28 December 2018. Archived from the original on 2 October 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2018.
  4. ^ a b "Number of injured in Indonesia tsunami surges to over 14,000 — Asean Plus | the Star Online". Archived from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2018.
  5. ^ Walter, Thomas R.; Haghshenas Haghighi, Mahmud; Schneider, Felix M.; Coppola, Diego; Motagh, Mahdi; Saul, Joachim; Babeyko, Andrey; Dahm, Torsten; Troll, Valentin R.; Tilmann, Frederik; Heimann, Sebastian (1 October 2019). "Complex hazard cascade culminating in the Anak Krakatau sector collapse". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 4339. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.4339W. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-12284-5. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 6773710. PMID 31575866.
  6. ^ "22-23 Dec 2018 eruption & tsunami in aluiakbe Krakatoa – updates". Volcano Discovery. 25 December 2018. Archived from the original on 9 June 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
  7. ^ Benazir, Comfort, L.K., Luthfi, M, Supasri, A, Syamsidik. (2020). The 22 December 2018 Mount Anak Krakatau volcanogenic tsunami on Sunda Strait coasts, Indonesia: tsunami and damage characteristics. Natural Hazards and Earty System Sciences, pp 549-565 link Archived 18 January 2022 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ Annunziato, A, Husrin, S, Prasetya, G. (2019). ANAK KRAKATAU VOLCANO EMERGENCY TSUNAMI EARLY WARNING SYSTEM. Science of Tsunami hazards, pp. 68-95. link Archived 18 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine.
  9. ^ a b c "Indonesia tsunami kills hundreds after Krakatau eruption". BBC News. 23 December 2018. Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
  10. ^ a b c d "Tsunami in Banten, Lampung kills at least 20: Disaster agency". The Jakarta Post. 23 December 2018. Archived from the original on 15 February 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
  11. ^ Dahren, Börje; Troll, Valentin R.; Andersson, Ulf B.; Chadwick, Jane P.; Gardner, Màiri F.; Jaxybulatov, Kairly; Koulakov, Ivan (1 April 2012). "Magma plumbing beneath Anak Krakatau volcano, Indonesia: evidence for multiple magma storage regions". Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology. 163 (4): 631–651. Bibcode:2012CoMP..163..631D. doi:10.1007/s00410-011-0690-8. ISSN 1432-0967. S2CID 52064179. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  12. ^ a b Thomas, G, Raphael, P, Karim, K, Budianto, O. (2012), "Tsunami hazard related to a flank collapse of Anak Krakatau Volcano, Sunda Strait, Indonesia", Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 361 (1): 79–90, Bibcode:2012GSLSP.361...79G, doi:10.1144/SP361.7, S2CID 131173974{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Ramdhani, Jabbar (23 December 2018). "PVMBG: Gunung Krakatau Meletus 423 Kali". Detik (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 11 January 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
  14. ^ a b c "Tsunami terjang Selat Sunda, korban diperkirakan terus bertambah" (in Indonesian). BBC. 23 December 2018. Archived from the original on 23 December 2018. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
  15. ^ Permadi, Agie (26 December 2018). "Longsoran yang Sebabkan Tsunami Selat Sunda Seluas 64 Hektar". Kompas (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 11 January 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
  16. ^ "Tinggi Gunung Anak Krakatau Menyusut Tinggal 110 Meter" (in Indonesian). CNN Indonesia. 29 December 2018. Archived from the original on 11 January 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
  17. ^ Ramdhani, Jabbar (23 December 2018). "Update Terkini BMKG: Yang Terjadi di Anyer Bukan Tsunami karena Gempa". detiknews (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 23 December 2018. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
  18. ^ Prireza, Adam (23 December 2018). "BMKG: Yang Terjadi di Pantai Anyer Bukan Tsunami" (in Indonesian). Tempo. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
  19. ^ "Air Pasang di Anyer Diduga Tsunami Karena Erupsi Krakatau". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). 23 December 2018. Archived from the original on 23 December 2018. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
  20. ^ Puspa, Wanti (23 December 2018). "20 Orang Tewas dan 165 Terluka Akibat Tsunami di Selat Sunda". CNBC Indonesia (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
  21. ^ Medistiara, Yulida (23 December 2018). "BMKG Sebut Terjangan Air Laut di Anyer Gabungan Gelombang Tinggi-Tsunami". detiknews (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 23 December 2018. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
  22. ^ "Indonesia Tak Punya Sistem Peringatan Dini Tsunami Gempa Vulkanik". VIVA (in Indonesian). 23 December 2018. Archived from the original on 23 December 2018. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
  23. ^ "22-23 Dec 2018 eruption & tsunami of Krakatoa – updates". Volcano Discovery. 25 December 2018. Archived from the original on 9 June 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
  24. ^ Medistiara, Yulida (25 December 2018). "BNPB Terima Informasi Tinggi Tsunami Selat Sunda 2-5 Meter". Detik (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
  25. ^ "Peneliti KKP: Tinggi Tsunami Selat Sunda 13 Meter" (in Indonesian). Kumparan. 31 December 2018. Archived from the original on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
  26. ^ "Tinggi Tsunami di Lampung Banten Ternyata Mencapai 13,4 Meter" (in Indonesian). Tribun News. 31 December 2018. Archived from the original on 13 January 2019. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
  27. ^ "Indonesia tsunami: 'I clung to a bench'". BBC News. 23 December 2018. Archived from the original on 13 February 2019. Retrieved 13 February 2019.
  28. ^ Andrews, Robin. "Tsunami Possibly Triggered By Anak Krakatau Strikes Indonesia. Here's What You Need To Know". Forbes. Archived from the original on 13 February 2019. Retrieved 13 February 2019.
  29. ^ "The Anak Krakatau Tsunami, from the Beginning until Now". Archived from the original on 13 February 2019. Retrieved 13 February 2019.
  30. ^ "Indonesia 'volcano tsunami': At least 43 dead and 600 injured amid Krakatoa eruption". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 23 December 2018. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
  31. ^ (in Vietnamese) Núi lửa phát nổ, gây sóng thần ở Indonesia, ít nhất 43 người thiệt mạng Archived 23 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine. 22 December 2018. Nguyen Viet Daily News. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  32. ^ "Indonesia 'volcano' tsunami: At least 62 dead and hundreds injured after huge wave". Sky News. 23 December 2018. Archived from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
  33. ^ "Tsunami Banten, Ada Laporan Korban Hilang di Pulau Oar dan Sangiang". KOMPAS (in Indonesian). 23 December 2018. Archived from the original on 23 December 2018. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
  34. ^ "Death toll from Indonesian tsunami rises to 281". CBS News. 24 December 2018. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 24 December 2018.
  35. ^ Amos, Jonathan (24 December 2018). "Indonesia tsunami: Death toll from Anak Krakatau volcano rises". BBC News. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 24 December 2018.
  36. ^ McCarthy, Julie (7 October 2018). "Survivors Recall Deadly Earthquake And Tsunami In Indonesia". NPR.
  37. ^ Wijoseno, Gagah (23 December 2018). "Saat Tsunami Menerjang, Tempat Wisata Sedang Padat". Detik (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  38. ^ "Saat Tsunami Lumat Keramaian Pasar Malam di Sumur". Detik (in Indonesian). 27 December 2018. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  39. ^ Ariefana, Pebriansyah (23 December 2018). "Tsunami Anyer - Lampung, 24 Jenazah Ditemukan di Villa Stephanie Carita" (in Indonesian). Suara. Archived from the original on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
  40. ^ Medistiara, Yulida (25 December 2018). "BNPB: Banyak Korban Tsunami Selat Sunda Hanyut ke Laut". Detik. Archived from the original on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
  41. ^ "Arie Untung Kabarkan Aa Jimmy Meninggal Dunia Jadi Korban Tsunami Banten". tribunnews.com. 23 December 2018. Archived from the original on 23 December 2018. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
  42. ^ "Members of Indonesian Pop Band Seventeen Killed After Tsunami Hits Concert". The Hollywood Reporter. 23 December 2018. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 24 December 2018.
  43. ^ "Indonesia tsunami: Wave crashes into local pop band Seventeen's concert". Channel NewsAsia. 23 December 2018. Archived from the original on 23 December 2018. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
  44. ^ "260 Karyawan PLN Wisata di Tanjung Lesung, 89 Orang Hilang". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). 23 December 2018. Archived from the original on 23 December 2018. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
  45. ^ "Tsunami Banten, 7 dari 256 Peserta "Family Gathering" PLN Meninggal Dunia". KOMPAS (in Indonesian). 23 December 2018. Archived from the original on 23 December 2018. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
  46. ^ Bil Wahid, Ahmad (23 December 2018). "Bertambah Lagi, 23 Orang Rombongan PLN Meninggal Akibat Tsunami". Detik (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
  47. ^ "Update tsunami selat sunda: 41 karyawan PLN meninggal dunia" (in Indonesian). Kontan. 25 December 2018. Archived from the original on 13 January 2019. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
  48. ^ Wildansyah, Samsudhudha (27 December 2018). "Sumur Pandeglang Bak Kota Mati, Warga Mengungsi karena Tsunami". Detik (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 14 January 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
  49. ^ Irawan, Dhani (23 December 2018). "Terdampak Tsunami Banten-Lampung, 102 Gardu PLN Masih Padam". Detik (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 14 January 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
  50. ^ Bil Wahid, Ahmad (23 December 2018). "Tsunami di Selat Sunda, PLN: Listrik di Lampung Tak Ada Masalah". Detik (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 14 January 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
  51. ^ "Tsunami di Banten, Jalan Raya Serang-Pandeglang Terputus". Tribunnews.com (in Indonesian). 23 December 2018. Archived from the original on 23 December 2018. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
  52. ^ "4 Kecamatan di Lampung Selatan Terdampak Parah Akibat Tsunami". Detik (in Indonesian). 23 December 2018. Archived from the original on 14 January 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
  53. ^ Ma'ruf, Irfan (23 December 2018). "Situs domino yang tersebar banyak di banten". i (newspaper) (in Indonesian). Retrieved 23 December 2018.[permanent dead link]
  54. ^ "Menteri PUPR: Infrastruktur Tak Banyak Terdampak Tsunami" (in Indonesian). CNN Indonesia. 25 December 2018. Archived from the original on 15 January 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
  55. ^ Tri Haryanto, Agus (23 December 2018). "Tsunami Anyer, Jaringan Indosat Aman tapi Ada BTS yang Terganggu". Detik (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 14 January 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
  56. ^ "Pasca-tsunami Selat Sunda, Layanan Telekomunikasi Pulih 99 Persen". Kompas (in Indonesian). 26 December 2018. Archived from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  57. ^ Rachmatunnisa (28 December 2018). "Kominfo: Telekomunikasi Pascatsunami Selat Sunda Pulih 100%". Detik (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  58. ^ "Kerugian Kawasan Pantai Tanjung Lesung Ditaksir Rp150 Miliar" (in Indonesian). CNN Indonesia. 25 December 2018. Archived from the original on 14 January 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
  59. ^ Dwi Afriyadi, Achmad (24 December 2018). "30% Bangunan di KEK Tanjung Lesung Rusak Disapu Tsunami". Detik (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
  60. ^ Dwi Afriyadi, Achmad (24 December 2018). "Disapu Tsunami, Tanjung Lesung Butuh 6 Bulan untuk Pulih". Detik (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
  61. ^ "Berdasarkan Hitungan Sementara, Kerugian akibat Tsunami Selat Sunda Capai Rp 202 M" (in Indonesian). Tribun News. 16 January 2019. Archived from the original on 19 January 2019. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  62. ^ S, Purwo (23 December 2018). "Pascatsunami Anyer, Nelayan Pacitan Setop Melaut". Detik (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  63. ^ Hamdani, Trio (31 December 2018). "Bencana Alam Bikin Bisnis Travel Babak-belur". Detik. Archived from the original on 14 January 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
  64. ^ Hamdani, Trio (27 December 2018). "Imbas Tsunami, 90% Pesanan Hotel di Anyer Dibatalkan". Detik (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 14 January 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
  65. ^ Hamdani, Trio (27 December 2018). "Pendapatan Hotel Akhir Tahun Turun 30% karena Tsunami Anyer". Detik. Archived from the original on 14 January 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
  66. ^ "4 Kawasan Wisata Lampung yang Lumpuh Dampak Tsunami Selat Sunda". Tempo. 24 December 2018. Archived from the original on 14 January 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
  67. ^ "Takut Terjadi Tsunami, Pengunjung Ancol Sepi" (in Indonesian). WartaKota. 26 December 2018. Archived from the original on 19 January 2019. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  68. ^ Halik Rizki, Muhammad; Vun, Jian; Bald, Andre (18 February 2022). "Three years on: Four lessons learned from post-disaster recovery in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia". NPR.
  69. ^ "2018 Indonesia quakes and tsunamis: Facts, FAQs, how to help". World Vision. 19 October 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2024.
  70. ^ Titov, Vasily V. (1 April 2021). "Hard Lessons of the 2018 Indonesian Tsunamis". Pure and Applied Geophysics. 178 (4): 1121–1133. Bibcode:2021PApGe.178.1121T. doi:10.1007/s00024-021-02731-0. ISSN 1420-9136.
  71. ^ Walter, Thomas R.; Haghshenas Haghighi, Mahmud; Schneider, Felix M.; Coppola, Diego; Motagh, Mahdi; Saul, Joachim; Babeyko, Andrey; Dahm, Torsten; Troll, Valentin R.; Tilmann, Frederik; Heimann, Sebastian; Valade, Sébastien; Triyono, Rahmat; Khomarudin, Rokhis; Kartadinata, Nugraha (1 October 2019). "Complex hazard cascade culminating in the Anak Krakatau sector collapse". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 4339. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.4339W. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-12284-5. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 6773710. PMID 31575866.
  72. ^ "Suara Dentuman Misterius di Jabar dan Sumsel". Detik (in Indonesian). 26 December 2018. Archived from the original on 19 January 2019. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  73. ^ Putra, A (27 December 2018). "Pos Pemantau Pastikan Suara Dentuman Misterius di Sumsel Akibat Erupsi Krakatau". Kompas (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 19 January 2019. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  74. ^ "Dentuman Erupsi Anak Krakatau Terdengar Hingga ke Sumsel" (in Indonesian). CNN Indonesia. 26 December 2018. Archived from the original on 19 January 2019. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  75. ^ Azis, Abdul (27 December 2018). "Krakatau Ngamuk Lagi Zona Bahaya Diperluas, Waspada Tsunami Susulan Selat Sunda, Tonton Videonya" (in Indonesian). Tribun News. Archived from the original on 19 January 2019. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  76. ^ Florentin, Vindry (23 December 2018). "Jokowi Perintahkan Jajarannya Tangani Tsunami Selat Sunda". Tempo (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
  77. ^ "Pimpin Rapat, JK Akan Tinjau Lokasi Terdampak Tsunami Selat Sunda". Detik (in Indonesian). 23 December 2018. Archived from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  78. ^ "Pasca Tsunami, Seluruh Aktivitas Promosi Wisata Banten dan Lampung Dihentikan". KOMPAS (in Indonesian). 23 December 2018. Archived from the original on 12 September 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
  79. ^ Medistiara, Yulida (25 December 2018). "Masa Tanggap Darurat di Pandeglang Ditetapkan 14 Hari, Lampung Selatan 7 Hari". detiknews (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 25 December 2018.
  80. ^ "Tanggap Darurat Pasca Tsunami di Lampung Selatan Diperpanjang hingga 19 Januari 2019" (in Indonesian). Tribun News. 6 January 2019. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
  81. ^ Uyung Pramudiarja, AN (26 December 2018). "Kemenkes Kirim 1 Kontainer Pendingin Jenazah ke Pandeglang". Detik. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  82. ^ Wildansyah, Samsudhuha (28 December 2018). "Mendagri Siapkan Anggaran Perbaiki Kantor Desa Rusak Pascatsunami". Detik (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 21 May 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  83. ^ Setiawan, Robi (29 December 2018). "Cek Kondisi Sumur Pasca Tsunami Banten, Rini Beri Bantuan Rp 3 M". Detik (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 23 January 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  84. ^ "Korban Tewas Tsunami Selat Sunda Dapat Santunan Rp15 Juta" (in Indonesian). CNN Indonesia. 25 December 2018. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
  85. ^ "BNPB Akan Cairkan Rp500 Juta untuk Daerah Terdampak Tsunami" (in Indonesian). CNN Indonesia. 29 December 2019. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
  86. ^ Prastia, Andhika (24 December 2018). "Jokowi Pantau Wilayah Terdampak Tsunami di Banten dari Helikopter". Detik (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  87. ^ "Usai Tsunami Selat Sunda, Jokowi Minta Kawasan Pesisir Ditata" (in Indonesian). CNN Indonesia. 2 January 2019. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
  88. ^ "Jokowi Beri Tenggat Relokasi Pesisir Lampung Tiga Bulan" (in Indonesian). CNN Indonesia. 2 January 2019. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
  89. ^ Prasetia, Andhika (23 December 2018). "Tsunami Anyer-Lampung, Pemerintah Beri Bantuan Rp 1 M". Detik (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 15 January 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
  90. ^ "Penanggulangan Tsunami, Pemkab Serang Gelontorkan Dana Rp 4 M" (in Indonesian). Kumparan. 24 December 2018. Archived from the original on 14 January 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
  91. ^ Prasetia, Andhika (27 December 2018). "Pemerintah Gelontorkan Rp 2 M untuk Korban Tsunami Selat Sunda". Detik (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 14 January 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
  92. ^ Solehudin, Mochamad (24 December 2018). "Tsunami di Selat Sunda, Ridwan Kamil Kirim Tim Bantuan". Detik (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  93. ^ Adhitya Purbaya, Angling (28 December 2018). "Jateng Kirim Puluhan Relawan dan Logistik untuk Korban Tsunami Anyer". Detik (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 23 January 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  94. ^ Rifa'i, Bahtiar (16 January 2019). "700 Hunian Tetap akan Dibangun di Pandeglang untuk Korban Tsunami". Detik (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 24 January 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  95. ^ Ikhsanudin, Arief (14 January 2019). "BNPB Bangun Huntara untuk Korban Tsunami di Lampung Selatan". Detik (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 22 May 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  96. ^ Maulana, Farih (23 December 2018). "Tsunami Banten Dinilai Beda, Kemenko Maritim Kumpulkan Pakar BMKG-LIPI". Detik (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
  97. ^ Reisha, Tia (30 December 2018). "Partai Gerindra Ajak Korban Tsunami Banten Makan Malam Bersama". Detik (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 19 January 2019. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  98. ^ "Bantuan Partai NasDem untuk Korban Tsunami Selat Sunda" (in Indonesian). Medcom. 5 January 2019. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  99. ^ Fardiansyah, Achmad (28 December 2018). "PKB Minta Fraksinya di DPR Kawal Ketat Penambahan Anggaran Bencana" (in Indonesian). Okezone. Archived from the original on 20 January 2019. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  100. ^ "Relawan PKS Kirim Bantuan Logistik ke Warga di Pulau-pulau Kecil Berpenghuni di Sekitar Selat Sunda". Tribun News. 26 December 2018. Archived from the original on 19 January 2019. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  101. ^ Atik Fajardin, Mohammad (24 December 2018). "Partai Bulan Bintang Salurkan Bantuan untuk Korban Tsunami Banten" (in Indonesian). Sindo News. Archived from the original on 19 January 2019. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  102. ^ Amalia Putri, Zunita (24 December 2018). "Ketua DPR Minta BMKG Perbaiki Early Warning System Tsunami". Detik (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
  103. ^ Adhi Chandra, Ardhan (24 December 2018). "Belasan BUMN Kirim Makanan hingga Alat Berat untuk Korban Tsunami". Detik (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  104. ^ Ali Lingga, Murti (24 December 2018). "Pertamina Kirim 27.000 Elpiji ke Lokasi Terdampak Tsunami Selat Sunda". Kompas (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  105. ^ "Bantu Korban Tsunami, Pertamina Kirim 200 Liter BBM ke Pulau Legundi Lampung". Kompas. 25 December 2018. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  106. ^ Dinillah, Mukhlis (25 December 2018). "Bantu Korban Tsunami, Bio Farma Kirim Relawan dan Vaksin". Detik (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  107. ^ Agustina, Astri (25 December 2018). "Bio Farma Beri Layanan Vaksinasi Influenza Bagi Korban Tsunami Banten" (in Indonesian). Merdeka. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  108. ^ Syifa Nurfadilah, Putri (24 December 2018). "Jonan Instruksikan ESDM dan PLN Bantu Pemulihan Pasca-tsunami Selat Sunda". Kompas (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  109. ^ Tri Haryanto, Agus (25 December 2018). "Telkom Salurkan Bantuan di Lokasi Bencana Tsunami Selat Sunda". Detik (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  110. ^ Dhwinuari Antony, Noval (24 December 2018). "PMI Luncurkan Situs Pencari Korban Hilang Pascatsunami Selat Sunda". Detik (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  111. ^ Wulandari, Asri (25 December 2018). "PMI Pusatkan Bantuan di Pandeglang dan Serang" (in Indonesian). CNN Indonesia. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
  112. ^ Putra Ratya, Meha (24 December 2018). "Banser Turunkan Ratusan Anggota Bantu Korban Tsunami Anyer & Lampung". Detik (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  113. ^ a b c Dwi Novianto, Raka (2 January 2019). "BNPB: Jumlah Pengungsi Korban Tsunami Selat Sunda Meningkat". Sindonews.com (in Indonesian). Sindo News. Archived from the original on 19 January 2019. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  114. ^ "Beredar Kabar Tsunami Lanjutan di Banten, Ini Klarifikasi BNPB". KOMPAS (in Indonesian). 23 December 2018. Archived from the original on 23 December 2018. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
  115. ^ "Tsunami Susulan karena Kondisi Terkini Gunung Anak Krakatau Dikhawatirkan BMKG, Tsunami Banten?" (in Indonesian). Tribun News. 2 January 2019. Archived from the original on 19 January 2019. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  116. ^ Guruh Nuary, R (26 December 2018). "Tebing Anak Krakatau Bisa Longsor Jika Getaran Capai Kekuatan M 3,4". Detik. Archived from the original on 19 January 2019. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  117. ^ Hadi, Usman (23 December 2018). "BNPB: Ada Potensi Tsunami Susulan Selat Sunda, Jauhi Pantai". Detik (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 19 January 2019. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  118. ^ Fathoni W, Kris (23 December 2018). "Tsunami Selat Sunda, Cek Kondisi Teman dan Kerabat via Facebook". Detik (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 14 January 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
  119. ^ Rachmatunnisa (23 December 2018). "#PrayforAnyer, Duka Korban Tsunami di Penghujung Tahun". Detik (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 14 January 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
  120. ^ "Musisi Bandung Gelar Konser Galang Dana Untuk Korban Tsunami Selat Sunda" (in Indonesian). Okezone. 30 December 2018. Archived from the original on 14 January 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
  121. ^ Syahreza, Erzal (11 January 2019). "Konser Amal Tsunami Selat Sunda, Dana Terkumpul Rp 433 Juta" (in Indonesian). Lampungpro. Retrieved 14 January 2019.[permanent dead link]
  122. ^ Prawira Riandi, Ady (30 December 2018). "Lolos dari Tsunami Selat Sunda, Band Element Siap Gelar Konser Amal" (in Indonesian). Okezone. Archived from the original on 14 January 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
  123. ^ Sari, Nursita (30 December 2018). "Malam Tahun Baru, DKI Gelar Doa Bersama untuk Korban Tsunami Selat Sunda". Kompas (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 14 January 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
  124. ^ Zhacky, Mochamad (28 December 2018). "KBRI dan WNI di Belanda Doa Bersama untuk Korban Tsunami Selat Sunda". Detik (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 14 January 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
  125. ^ Ellis-Petersen, Hannah (23 December 2018). "Indonesia tsunami: 220 dead and 'many missing' after Anak Krakatoa erupts- latest updates". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 23 December 2018. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
  126. ^ a b c "Lembaga AS dan Israel Kirim Bantuan Buat Korban Tsunami" (in Indonesian). CNN Indonesia. 28 December 2018. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
  127. ^ Modi, Narendra (23 December 2018). "Saddened by the loss of lives and destruction in Indonesia caused by the Tsunami after the eruption of a volcano. Condolences to the bereaved families and wishing the injured an early recovery. India is ready to assist our maritime neighbour and friend in relief work. @jokowi". @narendramodi. Archived from the original on 21 May 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2018 – via Twitter.
  128. ^ "PM Modi condoles loss of lives in Indonesian tsunami". Business Standard. 23 December 2018. Archived from the original on 23 December 2018. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
  129. ^ Atriana, Rina (25 December 2018). "Ratu Elizabeth Kirim Pesan ke Jokowi, Berduka untuk Tsunami Selat Sunda". Detik (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  130. ^ "Presiden China Kirim Duka Cita Tsunami Selat Sunda ke Jokowi" (in Indonesian). CNN Indonesia. 24 December 2018. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  131. ^ "Malaysia ready to help Indonesia after tsunami strikes Sunda Strait". Free Malaysia Today. 23 December 2018. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
  132. ^ "Singapore deeply saddened by tsunami in Indonesia, no reports of Singaporeans affected: MFA". The Straits Times. 23 December 2018. Archived from the original on 23 December 2018. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
  133. ^ "Singapore Red Cross pledges S$50,000 in aid for Indonesia tsunami victim". Channel NewsAsia. 24 December 2018. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  134. ^ Lim, Sean (28 December 2018). "Singapore Red Cross has received S$80,000 from public fundraising for Indonesian tsunami relief efforts – here's how you can help". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  135. ^ Fadhil, Haris (24 December 2018). "Trump Hingga PM India Ucapkan Belasungkawa untuk Tsunami Selat Sunda". Detik (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
  136. ^ Amalia Putri, Zunita (24 December 2018). "Paus Fransiskus Doakan Korban Tsunami di Perairan Selat Sunda". Detik (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
  137. ^ Gomes, Robin (29 December 2018). "Pope's initial contribution to Indonesia's tsunami relief operations". Vatican News. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  138. ^ Maulana, Victor (24 December 2018). "Hubungi Jokowi, Putin Sampaikan Belasungkawa atas Tsunami Selat Sunda" (in Indonesian). Sindo News. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
  139. ^ Tyson, Jessica (24 December 2018). "PM offers assistance to Indonesia's tsunami recovery". Maori Television. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  140. ^ "NZ contributing $1.5 million towards Sunda Strait tsunami recovery". ReliefWeb. 31 December 2018. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  141. ^ "Abe: Japan to provide aid to Indonesia". NHK. 25 December 2018. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  142. ^ a b Oster, Marcy (25 December 2018). "Jewish groups offer aid after hundreds killed in Indonesian tsunami". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  143. ^ Visaya Jr, Villamor (3 January 2019). "PH to send aid to tsunami-stricken Indonesia". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  144. ^ "Talk of the week: Taiwan announces US$500,000 for Indonesian tsunami relief fund". The Jakarta Post. 4 January 2019. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  145. ^ "EU brings additional relief to the victims of recent natural disasters in Indonesia". ReliefWeb. 29 December 2018. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  146. ^ "Global Resilience Centre offers assistance to tsunami-hit Indonesia Bartlett". Jamaica Observer. 24 December 2018. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  147. ^ Dhwinuari Antony, Noval (14 January 2019). "Bertemu JK, Pemda Ehime Jepang Beri Bantuan ke Korban Tsunami Selat Sunda". Detik (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  148. ^ "IR continues to help people affected by tsunami". ReliefWeb. 2 January 2019. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  149. ^ "CRS responds to latest Indonesian tsunami following back-to-back emergencies". ReliefWeb. 2 January 2019. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  150. ^ "Christian Aid partner sends crisis team in aftermath of Indonesia tsunami". Christian Today. 24 December 2018. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  151. ^ "Sunda straits tsunami: NGOs begin sending aid". New Straits Times. 25 December 2018. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  152. ^ "Thank God, my family is safe!". Médecins Sans Frontières. 3 January 2019. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  153. ^ Agriyana, Shinta (24 December 2018). "Pasca Tsunami Selat Sunda, 3 Negara Keluarkan Travel Advice ke Indonesia". Detik (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
[edit]
Wikinews has related news:
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2018 Sunda Strait tsunami.


Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Sunda_Strait_tsunami&oldid=1256710744"