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For the 2009 recall, see 2009 Peanut Corporation of America recall.

Peanut Corporation of America
Company typePrivate
IndustryPeanut processing
Founded1977
DefunctFebruary 13, 2009 (2009-02-13)
FateFiled for chapter 7 bankruptcy as a result of the 2009 Peanut Corporation of America recall
Headquarters
Lynchburg, Virginia
,
United States
Key people
ProductsPeanut butter, peanut paste, peanut meal, whole and chopped peanuts
Revenue$25 million (2007)
OwnerStewart Parnell
Number of employees
90 (2007)
Websitewww.peanutcorp.com
Footnotes / references
[1]

Peanut Corporation of America (PCA) was a peanut-processing business which is now defunct as a result of one of the most massive and lethal food-borne contamination events in U.S. history.[2]

PCA was founded in 1977 and initially run by Hugh Parnell with three sons, including Stewart Parnell. The company was sold in 1994–1995 with Hugh Parnell retiring and Stewart Parnell and others remaining with the new company as consultants. In 2000, PCA was bought back by Stewart Parnell in a private sale. PCA came to operate processing facilities in Blakely, Georgia, Suffolk, Virginia, and Plainview, Texas, providing peanut and peanut butter products[3] primarily to the "institutional food" market (schools, prisons and nursing homes), to food manufacturers for use in cookies, snacks, ice cream, and dog treats, and to other markets.

By 2007, PCA had grown to 90 employees and $25 million in annual sales. It has been estimated to have been manufacturing roughly 2.5% of processed peanuts in the U.S. at that time.

PCA permanently halted its operations after it was found to be the source of a massive Salmonella outbreak in the U.S., during late 2008 and early 2009. The 2008 contamination followed a long history of food quality issues. There had been concerns about sanitation at the company since at least the mid-1980s, when the company was run by Hugh Parnell. In the years just prior to its sale and Hugh Parnell's retirement, PCA was sued: by American Candy Company in 1990, and by Zachary Confections Inc. of Frankfort, Indiana in 1991, after discovery that PCA's peanut products had exceeded the FDA tolerance level for aflatoxin, a mold-derived toxin common to peanuts. After the contamination event, investigations showed that some PCA processing was being done without FDA knowledge and oversight, and other food handling and processing areas had gone long periods without federal inspection.

In late 2008 and early 2009, as a result of the Salmonella contamination event, nine people died and at least 714 people fell ill from food poisoning after eating products containing contaminated peanuts. This contamination triggered the most extensive food recall in U.S. history up to that time, involving 46 states, more than 360 companies, and more than 3,900 different products manufactured using PCA ingredients. The contamination and recall had immediate major ramifications for the market of this set of farm products. On February 13, 2009, Peanut Corporation of America ceased all manufacturing and business operations, and filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy liquidation. As of February 2009, a federal criminal investigation was continuing, and at least a dozen civil lawsuits had been filed. In September 2015, Stewart Parnell was sentenced to 28 years in federal prison for his role in the nationwide outbreak. Stewart's brother, Michael Parnell, was sentenced 20 years in prison.

Scope of business

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Hugh Parnell Sr. founded Parnell's Peanuts, in Gorman, Texas in 1977[4] selling to consumers, bakeries and manufacturers (candy, ice cream, and snacks). In 1990 the FDA found PCA was distributing peanuts with high levels of aflatoxins, caused by mold that grows in nuts and seeds. In 1992 the American Candy Company sued PCA for lost inventory that had used PCA nuts contaminated with aflatoxins. The company was sold in 1994–1995, with Hugh Parnell retiring and Stewart Parnell and the others remaining as consultants.[5] In 2000, PCA was bought back by Stewart Parnell in a private sale.[6] At this time, PCA operated processing facilities in Blakely, Georgia, Suffolk, Virginia, and Plainview, Texas,[6] providing peanuts, peanut butter, peanut meal, and peanut paste to an institutional food market[citation needed]—to schools, prisons, and nursing homes[citation needed]—as well as to low-budget retail outlets such as dollar stores[7] and to food manufacturers for use in cookies, snacks, ice cream, and dog treats.[citation needed] PCA was estimated to have manufactured roughly 2.5% of processed peanuts in the U.S. at its height,[8] with 90 employees and $25 million in annual sales in 2007.[1] The company filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy and permanently halted its processing and sales operations, after being found to be the source of a massive Salmonella outbreak in the United States beginning in 2008.[9]

Salmonella contamination of products

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This section is an excerpt from 2009 Peanut Corporation of America recall.[edit]

In late 2008 and early 2009, nine people died and at least 714 people fell ill due to food poisoning from eating products containing contaminated peanuts supplied by the Peanut Corporation of America (PCA).[10] The real numbers were believed to be much higher, since for every reported case of salmonellosis, on average, another 38 or so cases went unreported, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).[11] A combination of epidemiological analysis and laboratory testing by state officials in Minnesota and Connecticut, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the CDC confirmed that the sources of the outbreak of illnesses caused by Salmonella typhimurium were peanut butter, peanut paste, and peanut meal produced by the PCA at its Blakely, Georgia, processing plant.[12]

On February 7, 2009, Oregon officials confirmed the first case of salmonellosis in a dog that had eaten biscuits contaminated with the PCA-produced peanut products.[13]

In January 2009, the company issued a statement categorically denying the allegations;[14][15][16] in that same month, it shut down production and laid off 50 employees at the Blakely plant.[17][18][19]

Owner

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Peanut Corporation of America was founded and originally owned by Hugh Parnell, father of Stewart Parnell,[6] but by the time of the contamination scandal had passed to Stewart as sole owner,[6][20] and as president and CEO of the company.[21]

Hugh Parnell started in the peanut business with Stewart Parnell and his two younger brothers in 1977; they took a struggling, $50,000-a-year peanut roasting operation and turned it into a $30 million business before selling the business in 1994–1995, after which Stewart Parnell continued on as a consultant until re-buying the Gorman, Texas, plant in 2000.[6][5] In 2001, he bought the Blakely, Georgia, operation, when its operations consisted only of roasting and blanching peanuts.[22] Parnell tripled revenue at the Blakely plant by 2004, turning its first profit in 15 years,[8] with production regularly surpassing 2.5 million pounds of peanuts per month.[23] However, the FDA did not know that the plant manufactured peanut butter until the 2008-2009 outbreak.[22]

The Parnells ran PCA on a very tight budget.[citation needed] The company under Hugh Parnell operated a bare-bones front office and used minimum-wage labor,[6] a style that was continued by Stewart Parnell, who ran PCA from a converted garage behind his home in an upscale suburb outside of Lynchburg, Virginia, and continued to rely on minimum-wage labor.[6]

Despite more than 12 tests between 2007 and 2008 that showed Salmonella contamination in his company's products, Parnell wrote an email to company employees on January 12, 2009, that stated, "We have never found any salmonella at all. No salmonella has been found anywhere in our products or in our plants."[24][25] Parnell ordered products identified with Salmonella to be shipped and complained that tests discovering the contaminated food were "costing us huge $$$$$." In a June 2008 email exchange, Parnell complained to a worker after being notified that Salmonella had been found in more products. "I go thru this about once a week," he wrote. "I will hold my breath ... again."[25] After the company was identified as the source of the outbreak, Parnell pressed federal regulators to allow him to continue using peanuts from the tainted plant. He wrote that company executives "desperately at least need to turn the raw peanuts on our floor into money."[24]

Media

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In 2015, Food Republic produced and aired Food Crimes: "P.B. & Jail."[26]

On July 3, 2017, CNBC aired an episode of American Greed: "From Peanuts to Sick Millions” [Documentary / Crime]. Season ll, Episode AG 141.[27][28]

References

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  1. ^ a b "Peanut Corporation of America Company Overview". Hoover's, Inc. 2009. Retrieved April 11, 2009.
  2. ^ "Office of Public Affairs | Former Peanut Company President Receives Largest Criminal Sentence in Food Safety Case; Two Others also Sentenced for Their Roles in Salmonella-Tainted Peanut Product Outbreak | United States Department of Justice". www.justice.gov. September 21, 2015. Retrieved July 27, 2023.
  3. ^ "Peanut salmonella trial shows food safety relies on honor system". Associated Press News. August 9, 2014. Retrieved September 10, 2023.
  4. ^ "Blowing the Whistle on Wrongdoings - Food Quality & Safety". foodqualityandsafety.com. Retrieved July 8, 2017.
  5. ^ a b Blackledge, Brett J. & Lindsey, Sue (AP) (February 13, 2009). "Peanut plant owner becomes recluse after outbreak". Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved December 12, 2015. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Lyndsey Layton; Nick Miroff (February 15, 2009). "The Rise And Fall of A Peanut Empire". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 11, 2009.
  7. ^ Craig Schneider (February 9, 2009). "Peanut Corp. of America did sell to retailers". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved April 11, 2009.
  8. ^ a b Chapman, Dan & Newkirk, Margaret (February 8, 2009). "Blakely Plant Part of Firm with Humble Start". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved April 11, 2009.
  9. ^ Kate Brumback; Greg Bluestein (February 13, 2009). "Peanut Corp. Of America Files For Bankruptcy". The Huffington Post. Retrieved April 11, 2009.
  10. ^ "Multistate Outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium Infections Linked to Peanut Butter, 2008-2009". www.cdc.gov. Archived from the original on July 31, 2017. Retrieved July 8, 2017.
  11. ^ CDC (June 5, 2023). "Salmonella and Food". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on May 7, 2024. Retrieved May 2, 2024.
  12. ^ Solomon, Steven M. (March 11, 2009). "PCA Investigation". Recalling FDA-regulated Products, Statement of Steven M. Solomon, D.V.M., M.P.H., Assistant Commissioner for Compliance Policy, to the Subcommittee on Regulations and Healthcare, Committee on Small Business, U.S. House of Representatives. Washington, DC, USA: U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved December 11, 2015.
  13. ^ First animal injured in Salmonella outbreak Archived 2009-04-27 at the Wayback Machine, USA Today, February 7, 2009
  14. ^ Peanut Corp. recalls all products back to 2007, MSNBC, January 28, 2009
  15. ^ FDA: Peanut plant knew product was tainted with Salmonella, CNN, January 28, 2009
  16. ^ Company lied to FDA about tainted peanut butter, agency says Archived 2009-02-28 at the Wayback Machine, Los Angeles Times, February 6, 2009
  17. ^ Alan Jay Zaremba (May 18, 2015). Crisis Communication. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 18–. ISBN 978-0-7656-2831-2.
  18. ^ Georgia peanut region concerned about Salmonella outbreak's long-term impact Archived 2009-04-12 at the Wayback Machine, Chicago Tribune, February 5, 2009
  19. ^ Salmonella-tainted peanut products spark public fury Archived 2011-06-29 at the Wayback Machine, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, February 1, 2009
  20. ^ Peanut executive sentenced to 28 years, USA Today, September 21, 2015.
  21. ^ Troubled peanut firm’s chief also an industry quality adviser, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, January 31, 2009.
  22. ^ a b Food risks draw little urgency, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, February 8, 2009.
  23. ^ Peanut Corporation of America's Blakely, Georgia Plant, Peanut Corporation of America website, retrieved February 8, 2009.
  24. ^ a b Peanut Company Sent Products Before Test Results, The New York Times, February 11, 2009.
  25. ^ a b Peanut butter outbreak prompts tighter food safety, Associated Press, February 12, 2009.
  26. ^ "Food Crimes: "P.B. & Jail."". Food Republic. Archived from the original on March 20, 2016. Retrieved July 8, 2017.
  27. ^ "American Greed: "From Peanuts to Sick Millions."". CNBC. Retrieved July 8, 2017.
  28. ^ "American Greed: "From Peanuts to Sick Millions."". IMDB. Retrieved July 8, 2017.
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