(31345) 1998 PG

(31345) 1998 PG
Discovery
Discovered by	LONEOS
Discovery site	Anderson Mesa Stn.
Discovery date	3 August 1998
Designations
MPC designation	(31345) 1998 PG
Alternative designations	1998 PG
Minor planet category	NEO · Amor
Orbital characteristics
	Epoch 4 September 2017 (JD 2458000.5)
	Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc	38.54 yr (14,075 days)
Aphelion	2.8048 AU
Perihelion	1.2277 AU
Semi-major axis	2.0162 AU
Eccentricity	0.3911
Orbital period (sidereal)	2.86 yr (1,046 days)
Mean anomaly	215.36°
Mean motion	0° 20m 39.48s / day
Inclination	6.5013°
Longitude of ascending node	222.74°
Argument of perihelion	156.11°
Known satellites	1
Earth MOID	0.2354 AU · 91.7 LD
Physical characteristics
Dimensions	0.880 km (derived); 0.9±0.2 km; 0.940±0.21 (derived)
Synodic rotation period	2.5 h; 2.51620±0.00003 h
Geometric albedo	0.18; 0.20 (assumed)
Spectral type	SMASS = Sq · S; B–V = 0.810±0.020; V–R = 0.440±0.010; V–I = 0.760±0.020
Absolute magnitude (H)	17.3 · 17.64±0.14

(31345) 1998 PG is an eccentric, stony asteroid and binary system, classified as near-Earth object of the Amor group of asteroids, approximately 900 meters in diameter. It minor-planet moon, S/2001 (31345) 1, has an estimated diameter of 270 meters.

This asteroid was discovered on 3 August 1998, by the Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search (LONEOS) at Anderson Mesa Station, near Flagstaff, Arizona, United States.^[2]

Orbit

1998 PG orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.2–2.8 AU once every 2 years and 10 months (1,046 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.39 and an inclination of 7° with respect to the ecliptic.^[1] A first precovery was taken at Palomar Observatory in 1978, extending the body's observation arc by 20 years prior to its official discovery observation at Anderson Mesa.^[2]

Close approaches

The asteroid has an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance of 0.2354 AU (35,200,000 km), which translates into approximately 92 lunar distances. It has made multiple close approaches to Earth, with the closest being 35,648,680 kilometers on 15 October 1978.^[1] With an aphelion of more than 2.8 AU, 1998 PG is also a Mars-crosser.

Physical characteristics

Spectral type

In the SMASS taxonomy, 1998 PG is classified as a transitional Sq-type, which is an intermediary between the common stony S-type and the less frequent Q-type asteroids.^[1]

Diameter and albedo

According to the 2006-published Photometric survey of binary near-Earth asteroids by Petr Pravec and derived data from the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link and the "Johnston's archive", 1998 PG measures between 880 and 940 meters in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.18 and 0.20, respectively.^[4]^[5]^[6]^[a]

Rotation

In the late 1990s, a rotational lightcurve of 1998 PG was obtained from photometric observations by Hungarian astronomers László Kiss, Gyula Szabó and Krisztián Sárneczky. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 2.5 hours with a brightness variation of 0.1 magnitude (U=n.a.).^[7]

A second lightcurve obtained and published in 2000, by an international collaboration of astronomers gave a rotation period of 2.51620±0.00003 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.11 magnitude (U=2).^[3]

Moon

During the second photometric observation, it was discovered that 1998 PG is a probable/possible asynchronous binary system with a minor-planet moon orbiting it every 7.0035 hours,^[6] or twice this period solution.^[4]

The moon's provisional designation is S/2001 (31345) 1.^[4] The system has an estimated secondary-to-primary mean-diameter ratio of more than 0.3,^[3]^[a] which translates into a diameter of 270 meter for the satellite.^[4] The "Johnston's archive" also estimates that the moon's orbit has a semi-major axis of 1.4 kilometers.^[4]

From the surface of 1998 PG, the moon would have an angular diameter of about 16.3°.^[b] For comparison, the Sun appears to be 0.5° from Earth.

Numbering and naming

This minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 30 November 2001.^[9] As of 2018, it has not been named.^[2]

Gallery

Orbit of 1998 PG
The 1998 PG system compared to other binary asteroids

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Pravec (2006) Photometric survey of binary near-Earth asteroids, Icarus, 181:63-93. Summary figures: albedo of 0.18; diameter of primary 0.9±0.2 km; ratio: D_s/D_p of 0.3;. Figures are listed at johnstonsarchive.net
^ Calculated by solving $\scriptstyle {\mathrm {tan} \left({\frac {\theta }{2}}\right)={\frac {\mathrm {radius~of~moon} }{\mathrm {distance~from~surface~of~asteroid~to~center~of~moon} }}}$ .

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 31345 (1998 PG)" (2017-04-20 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "(31345) 1998 PG". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Pravec, Petr; Sarounová, Lenka; Rabinowitz, David L.; Hicks, Michael D.; Wolf, Marek; Krugly, Yurij N.; et al. (July 2000). "Two-Period Lightcurves of 1996 FG 3, 1998 PG, and (5407) 1992 AX: One Probable and Two Possible Binary Asteroids". Icarus. 146 (1): 190–203. Bibcode:2000Icar..146..190P. doi:10.1006/icar.2000.6375.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Johnston, Robert (21 September 2014). "(31345) 1998 PG". johnstonsarchive.net. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Pravec, P.; Scheirich, P.; Kusnirák, P.; Sarounová, L.; Mottola, S.; Hahn, G.; et al. (March 2006). "Photometric survey of binary near-Earth asteroids". Icarus. 181 (1): 63–93. Bibcode:2006Icar..181...63P. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2005.10.014.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "LCDB Data for (31345)". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). Retrieved 31 March 2017.
^ ^a ^b Kiss, L. L.; Szabó, Gy.; Sárneczky, K. (November 1999). "CCD photometry and new models of 5 minor planets". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement. 140: 21–28. arXiv:astro-ph/9909159. Bibcode:1999A&AS..140...21K. doi:10.1051/aas:1999115. S2CID 16733071.
^ Pravec, Petr; Harris, Alan W.; Kusnirák, Peter; Galád, Adrián; Hornoch, Kamil (September 2012). "Absolute magnitudes of asteroids and a revision of asteroid albedo estimates from WISE thermal observations". Icarus. 221 (1): 365–387. Bibcode:2012Icar..221..365P. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2012.07.026.
^ "MPC/MPO/MPS Archive". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 24 February 2018.

External links

MPEC 1998-P13 : 1998 PG, Minor Planet Electronic Circular 6 August 1998
(31345) 1998 PG at E.A.R.N. – European Asteroid Research Node
Asteroids with Satellites, Robert Johnston, johnstonsarchive.net
Binary and Ternary Near-Earth Asteroids Detected by Radar, Lance Benner, JPL
Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info Archived 2017-12-16 at the Wayback Machine)
Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books
Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend
(31345) 1998 PG at NeoDyS-2, Near Earth Objects—Dynamic Site
- Ephemerides · Observation prediction · Orbital info · MOID · Proper elements · Observational info · Close approaches · Physical info · Orbit animation
(31345) 1998 PG at ESA–space situational awareness
- Ephemerides · Observations · Orbit · Physical properties · Summary
(31345) 1998 PG at the JPL Small-Body Database
- Close approach · Discovery · Ephemeris · Orbit viewer · Orbit parameters · Physical parameters

[Pravec-2006-figures-6] Pravec (2006) Photometric survey of binary near-Earth asteroids, Icarus, 181:63-93. Summary figures: albedo of 0.18; diameter of primary 0.9±0.2 km; ratio: D_s/D_p of 0.3;. Figures are listed at johnstonsarchive.net

[calculated-10] Calculated by solving $\scriptstyle {\mathrm {tan} \left({\frac {\theta }{2}}\right)={\frac {\mathrm {radius~of~moon} }{\mathrm {distance~from~surface~of~asteroid~to~center~of~moon} }}}$ .

[jpldata-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 31345 (1998 PG)" (2017-04-20 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 26 May 2017.

[MPC-object-2] "(31345) 1998 PG". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 31 March 2017.

[Pravec-2000b-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Pravec, Petr; Sarounová, Lenka; Rabinowitz, David L.; Hicks, Michael D.; Wolf, Marek; Krugly, Yurij N.; et al. (July 2000). "Two-Period Lightcurves of 1996 FG 3, 1998 PG, and (5407) 1992 AX: One Probable and Two Possible Binary Asteroids". Icarus. 146 (1): 190–203. Bibcode:2000Icar..146..190P. doi:10.1006/icar.2000.6375.

[johnstonsarchive-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Johnston, Robert (21 September 2014). "(31345) 1998 PG". johnstonsarchive.net. Retrieved 31 March 2017.

[Pravec-2006-5] Pravec, P.; Scheirich, P.; Kusnirák, P.; Sarounová, L.; Mottola, S.; Hahn, G.; et al. (March 2006). "Photometric survey of binary near-Earth asteroids". Icarus. 181 (1): 63–93. Bibcode:2006Icar..181...63P. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2005.10.014.

[lcdb-7] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "LCDB Data for (31345)". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). Retrieved 31 March 2017.

[Kiss-1999-8] Kiss, L. L.; Szabó, Gy.; Sárneczky, K. (November 1999). "CCD photometry and new models of 5 minor planets". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement. 140: 21–28. arXiv:astro-ph/9909159. Bibcode:1999A&AS..140...21K. doi:10.1051/aas:1999115. S2CID 16733071.

[Pravec-2012b-9] Pravec, Petr; Harris, Alan W.; Kusnirák, Peter; Galád, Adrián; Hornoch, Kamil (September 2012). "Absolute magnitudes of asteroids and a revision of asteroid albedo estimates from WISE thermal observations". Icarus. 221 (1): 365–387. Bibcode:2012Icar..221..365P. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2012.07.026.

[MPC-Circulars-Archive-11] "MPC/MPO/MPS Archive". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 24 February 2018.

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