1968 Italian general election

1968 Italian general election

19 May 1968
All 630 seats in the Chamber of Deputies 316 seats needed for a majority All 315 elective seats in the Senate 162 seats needed for a majority
Registered	35,566,493 (C) · 32,517,638 (S)
Turnout	33,001,644 (C) · 92.8% (0.1 pp) 30,252,921 (S) · 93.0% (0.1 pp)
Majority party Minority party Third party   Leader Mariano Rumor Luigi Longo Francesco De Martino Party DC PCI Unified Socialist Leader since 27 January 1964 22 August 1964 12 December 1963 Leader's seat Verona (C) Milan (C) Naples (C) Seats won 266 (C) / 135 (S) 177 (C) / 101 (S) 91 (C) / 46 (S) Seat change 6 (C) / 6 (S) 11 (C) / 17 (S) 29 (C) / 12 (S) Popular vote 12,441,553 (C) 10,972,114 (S) 8,557,404 (C) 8,585,601 (S) 4,605,832 (C) 4,354,906 (S) Percentage 39.1% (C) 38.3% (S) 26.9% (C) 30.0% (S) 14.5% (C) 15.2% (S) Swing 0.8 pp (C) 1.8 pp (S) 1.6 pp (C) 6.5 pp (S) 5.5 pp (C) 5.1 pp (S)   Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party   Leader Giovanni Malagodi Arturo Michelini Tullio Vecchietti Party PLI MSI PSIUP Leader since 4 April 1954 10 October 1954 12 January 1964 Leader's seat Milan (C) Rome (C) Rome (C) Seats won 31 (C) / 16 (S) 24 (C) / 11 (S) 23 (C) / w. PCI (S) Seat change 8 (C) / 2 (S) 3 (C) / 3 (S) New party Popular vote 1,850,650 (C) 1,943,795 (S) 1,414,036 (C) 1,304,847 (S) 1,414,697 (C) w. PCI (S) Percentage 5.1% (C) 6.8% (S) 4.5% (C) 4.6% (S) 4.5% (C) w. PCI (S) Swing 1.2 pp (C) 0.6 pp (S) 0.6 pp (C) 0.7 pp (S) New party
Results of the election in the Chamber and Senate.
Prime Minister before election Aldo Moro DC Prime Minister after the election Giovanni Leone DC

The 1968 Italian general election was held in Italy on 19 May 1968. The Christian Democracy (DC) remained stable around 38% of the votes. They were marked by a victory of the Communist Party (PCI) passing from 25% of 1963 to c. 30% at the Senate, where it presented jointly with the new Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity (PSIUP), which included members of Socialist Party (PSI) which disagreed the latter's alliance with DC. PSIUP gained c. 4.5% at the Chamber. The Socialist Party and the Democratic Socialist Party (PSDI) presented together as the Unified PSI–PSDI, but gained c. 15%, far less than the sum of what the two parties had obtained separately in 1963.

Electoral system

The pure party-list proportional representation had traditionally become the electoral system for the Chamber of Deputies. Italian provinces were united in 32 constituencies, each electing a group of candidates. At constituency level, seats were divided between open lists using the largest remainder method with Imperiali quota. Remaining votes and seats were transferred at national level, where they was divided using the Hare quota, and automatically distributed to best losers into the local lists.

For the Senate, 237 single-seat constituencies were established, even if the assembly had risen to 315 members. The candidates needed a landslide victory of two thirds of votes to be elected, a goal which could be reached only by the German minorities in South Tirol. All remained votes and seats were grouped in party lists and regional constituencies, where a D'Hondt method was used: inside the lists, candidates with the best percentages were elected.

Historical background

On 21 August 1964, the historic leader of the Italian Communist Party, Palmiro Togliatti died of cerebral haemorrhage while vacationing with his companion Nilde Iotti in Yalta, then in the Soviet Union. According to some of his collaborators, Togliatti was travelling to the Soviet Union in order to give his support to Leonid Brezhnev's election as Nikita Khrushchev's successor at the head of Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Togliatti was replaced by Luigi Longo, a long-time prominent PCI members; Longo continued Togliatti's line, known as the "Italian road to Socialism", playing down the alliance between the Italian Communist Party and the USSR. He reacted without hostility to the new left movements that sprung up in 1968 and, among the leaders of the PCI, was one of those most disposed to engage with the new activists, although he did not condone their excesses.

Moreover, Francesco De Martino, became the new Secretary of the Italian Socialist Party, after the resignation of Pietro Nenni, due to age.

In 1965, the SIFAR intelligence agency was transformed into the SID following an aborted coup d'état, Piano Solo, which was to give power to the Carabinieri, then headed by general De Lorenzo.

The difficult equilibrium of Italian society was challenged by a rising left-wing movement, in the wake of 1968 student unrest ("Sessantotto"). This movement was characterized by such heterogeneous events as revolts by jobless farm workers (Avola, Battipaglia 1969), occupations of Universities by students, social unrest in the large Northern factories (1969 autunno caldo, hot autumn). While conservative forces tried to roll back some of the social changes of the 1960s, and part of the military indulged in "sabre rattling" in order to intimidate progressive political forces, numerous left-wing activists became increasingly frustrated at social inequalities, while the myth of guerrilla (Che Guevara, the Uruguayan Tupamaros) and of the Chinese Maoist "cultural revolution" increasingly inspired extreme left-wing violent movements.

Social protests, in which the student movement was particularly active, shook Italy during the 1969 autunno caldo (Hot Autumn), leading to the occupation of the Fiat factory in Turin. In March 1968, clashes occurred at La Sapienza university in Rome, during the "Battle of Valle Giulia." Mario Capanna, associated with the New Left, was one of the figures of the student movement, along with the members of Potere Operaio and Autonomia Operaia such as (Antonio Negri, Oreste Scalzone, Franco Piperno and of Lotta Continua such as Adriano Sofri.

Parties and leaders

Party		Ideology	Leader	Seats in 1963
				C	S	Total
	Christian Democracy (DC)	Christian democracy	Mariano Rumor	260	132	392
	Italian Communist Party (PCI)	Communism	Luigi Longo	166	84	250
	Unified Socialist Party (PSU)	Socialism, Social democracy	Francesco De Martino	120	58	178
	Italian Liberal Party (PLI)	Conservative liberalism	Giovanni Malagodi	39	18	57
	Italian Social Movement (MSI)	Neo-fascism	Arturo Michelini	27	15	42
	Democratic Party of Monarchist Unity (PDIUM)	Monarchism	Alfredo Covelli	8	2	10
	Italian Republican Party (PRI)	Republicanism	Ugo La Malfa	6	1	7
	Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity (PSIUP)	Democratic socialism	Tullio Vecchietti	New

Results

The election was a test for the new organization of the socialist area, which was divided between the new revolutionary and Communist-allied Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity and the governmental social-democratic federation between PSI and PSDI. The polls said that the split of the PSIUP in 1964 had not been a purely parliamentary operation, but the reflex of divisions into the leftist electorate. The result shocked the PSI's leadership, causing the sudden sinking of the social-democratic federation, and an alternance of provisional retirements by the government, firstly led by lifetime senator Giovanni Leone and then, through two political crisis, by DC's secretary Mariano Rumor. Unsuccessfully trying to recover its lost leftist electors, the PSI returned to the alliance with the PCI for the regional elections of 1970, so causing another crisis and a new change of premiership, then led by Emilio Colombo, but the government coalition had continuous problems of instability. Influent Giulio Andreotti tried to resurrect the centrist formula in 1972, but he failed, opening the way to the first early election of the republican history.

Chamber of Deputies

Party		Votes	%	Seats	+/–
	Christian Democracy	12,437,848	39.12	266	+6
	Italian Communist Party	8,551,347	26.90	177	+11
	Unified Socialist Party	4,603,192	14.48	91	−29
	Italian Liberal Party	1,850,650	5.82	31	−8
	Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity	1,414,697	4.45	23	New
	Italian Social Movement	1,414,036	4.45	24	−3
	Italian Republican Party	626,533	1.97	9	+3
	Italian Democratic Party of Monarchist Unity	414,507	1.30	6	−2
	South Tyrolean People's Party	152,991	0.48	3	0
	Social Democracy	100,212	0.32	0	New
	New Republic	63,402	0.20	0	New
	Autonomous Party of Italy's Pensioners	41,716	0.13	0	0
	Valdostan Union	31,557	0.10	0	−1
	Sardinian Action Party	27,228	0.09	0	New
	National Monarchist Party	18,883	0.06	0	0
	Socialist Movement	6,551	0.02	0	New
	Slovene Union	6,142	0.02	0	0
	Socialist Workers' Party	5,740	0.02	0	New
	National Union of Public Health	3,697	0.01	0	0
	Technique	3,158	0.01	0	New
	Party of Economic Order	3,013	0.01	0	New
	Democratic Progressive Party	2,208	0.01	0	New
	Farmers' Party	2,061	0.01	0	New
	Italian Group	1,807	0.01	0	New
	Revolutionary Communist Party	1,798	0.01	0	New
	Radical Party	1,540	0.00	0	New
	Popular Collection	1,196	0.00	0	New
	Sacred Idealism World	1,126	0.00	0	New
	Progressive Party U.N.S.I.P.O.	1,068	0.00	0	New
	National Party of Italian Mutilated and Combatants	524	0.00	0	New
Total		31,790,428	100.00	630	0
Valid votes		31,790,428	96.33
Invalid/blank votes		1,211,216	3.67
Total votes		33,001,644	100.00
Registered voters/turnout		35,566,493	92.79
Source: Ministry of the Interior

Popular vote DC   39.12% PCI   26.90% PSU   14.48% PLI   5.82% PSIUP   4.45% MSI   4.45% PRI   1.97% PDIUM   1.30% Others   1.50%

Seats DC   42.22% PCI   28.10% PSU   14.44% PLI   4.92% MSI   3.81% PSIUP   3.65% PRI   1.43% PDIUM   0.95% Others   0.48%

Results by constituency

Constituency	Total seats	Seats won
		DC	PCI	PSU	PLI	MSI	PSIUP	PRI	PDIUM	Others
Turin	32	11	10	5	3	1	2
Cuneo	15	7	3	3	1		1
Genoa	22	8	7	4	2		1
Milan	47	17	13	8	4	2	2	1
Como	17	9	3	3	1		1
Brescia	20	12	3	3	1		1
Mantua	9	4	3	2
Trentino	9	4	1	1						3
Verona	28	17	4	4	1	1	1
Venice	18	9	4	3	1		1
Udine	15	7	3	3	1		1
Bologna	25	6	12	4	1		1	1
Parma	20	6	9	3	1		1
Florence	16	5	8	2	1
Pisa	15	5	6	2		1	1
Siena	9	3	5	1
Ancona	17	7	6	2			1	1
Perugia	13	4	5	2		1	1
Rome	47	17	13	6	4	4	1	1	1
L'Aquila	15	8	4	2		1
Campobasso	5	3	1	1
Naples	38	15	10	5	1	3	1	1	2
Benevento	21	10	4	3	1	1	1		1
Bari	23	11	7	3	1	1
Lecce	19	9	5	2	1	2
Potenza	8	5	2	1
Catanzaro	26	11	6	5	1	1	1	1
Catania	29	13	7	3	2	2	1	1
Palermo	29	12	7	3	1	2	1	2	1
Cagliari	19	8	5	2	1	1	1		1
Aosta Valley	1	1
Trieste	3	2	1
Total	630	266	177	91	31	24	23	9	6	3

Senate of the Republic

Party		Votes	%	Seats	+/–
	Christian Democracy	10,972,114	38.34	135	+6
	Italian Communist Party–PSIUP	8,585,601	30.00	101	+17
	Unified Socialist Party	4,354,906	15.22	46	−12
	Italian Liberal Party	1,943,795	6.79	16	−2
	Italian Social Movement	1,304,847	4.56	11	−3
	Italian Republican Party	622,388	2.17	2	+2
	Italian Democratic Party of Monarchist Unity	312,702	1.09	2	0
	MSI–PDIUM	292,349	1.02	0	−1
	South Tyrolean People's Party	131,071	0.46	2	0
	Social Democracy	36,073	0.13	0	New
	Valdostan Union	28,414	0.10	0	0
	Sardinian Action Party	25,891	0.09	0	0
	Socialist Workers' Party	5,870	0.02	0	New
Total		28,616,021	100.00	315	0
Valid votes		28,616,021	94.59
Invalid/blank votes		1,636,900	5.41
Total votes		30,252,921	100.00
Registered voters/turnout		32,517,638	93.04
Source: Ministry of the Interior

Popular vote DC   38.34% PCI–PSIUP   30.00% PSU   15.22% PLI   6.79% MSI   4.56% PRI   2.17% PDIUM   1.09% Others   1.83%

Seats DC   42.86% PCI–PSIUP   32.06% PSU   14.60% PLI   5.08% MSI   3.49% PRI   0.63% PDIUM   0.63% Others   0.63%

Results by constituency

Constituency	Total seats	Seats won
		DC	PCI–PSIUP	PSU	PLI	MSI	PRI	PDIUM	Others
Piedmont	24	10	7	4	3
Aosta Valley	1	1
Lombardy	45	20	12	8	4	1
Trentino-Alto Adige	7	4		1					2
Veneto	23	13	5	4	1
Friuli-Venezia Giulia	7	4	2	1
Liguria	11	4	4	2	1
Emilia-Romagna	22	6	12	3	1
Tuscany	20	7	10	3
Umbria	7	2	4	1
Marche	8	4	3	1
Lazio	24	9	8	3	2	2
Abruzzo	7	4	2	1
Molise	2	2
Campania	29	11	8	4	1	2	1	2
Apulia	21	9	6	3	1	2
Basilicata	7	4	2	1
Calabria	12	5	4	2		1
Sicily	29	11	9	3	2	3	1
Sardinia	9	5	3	1
Total	315	135	101	46	16	11	2	2	2

Maps

Seat distribution by constituency for the Chamber of Deputies (left) and Senate (right).