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1904 Summer Olympics

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Games of the III Olympiad
Advertisement for the 1904 Summer Olympics and the Louisiana Purchase Exposition
LocationSt. Louis, United States
Nations12
Athletes648 (642 men, 6 women)
Events95 in 16 sports (18 disciplines)
Opening1 July 1904
Closing23 November 1904
Opened by
David R. Francis[1]
StadiumWashington University in St. Louis Francis Olympic Field

The 1904 Summer Olympics (officially the Games of the III Olympiad and also known as St. Louis 1904) were an international multi-sport event held in St. Louis, Missouri, United States, from 1 July to 23 November 1904. Many events were conducted at what is now known as Francis Field on the campus of Washington University in St. Louis. This was the first time that the Olympic Games were held outside Europe.

Tensions caused by the Russo–Japanese War and difficulties in traveling to St. Louis resulted in very few top-class athletes from outside the United States and Canada taking part in the 1904 Games. Only 69–74 of the 651 athletes who competed came from outside North America, and only between 12 and 15 nations were represented in all. Some events subsequently combined the U.S. national championship with the Olympic championship.[2] The current three-medal format of gold, silver and bronze for first, second and third place was introduced at the 1904 Olympics.

Background

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Chicago, Illinois, initially won the bid to host the 1904 Summer Olympics,[3] but the organizers of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis opposed the scheduling of another international event for the same time frame in a different city, perceiving such a prospect as a competitive threat that would divert potential attendees and the revenues that they would bring. The Louisiana Purchase Exposition's organizers responded by developing plans for including large-scale international sports activities in their own event, informing the Chicago OCOG[clarification needed] that unless the Olympics were moved to St. Louis, such that persons interested in both events could attend each, the Louisiana Purchase Expedition's organizers would conduct and publicize competitions on a scale eclipsing that of the Olympics, retaining and attracting enough attendees and revenues that the Olympics' hosts and backers would not recoup their investment. Pierre de Coubertin, founder of the modern Olympic movement, then intervened and awarded the Games to St. Louis.

The Games

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Highlights

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Boxing, dumbbells, catch wrestling (which later became freestyle wrestling), and the decathlon made their debuts. The swimming events were held in a temporary pond near Skinker and Wydown Boulevards, where "lifesaving demonstrations" of unsinkable lifeboats for ocean liners took place.

One of the most remarkable athletes was the American gymnast George Eyser, who won six medals even though his left leg was made of wood, and Frank Kugler won four medals in freestyle wrestling, weightlifting and tug of war, making him the only competitor to win a medal in three different sports at the same Olympic Games.

A tug of war competition at the 1904 Summer Olympics

Chicago runner James Lightbody won the steeplechase and the 800 m and then set a natural world record in the 1500 m. Harry Hillman won both the 200 m and 400 m hurdles and also the flat 400 m. Sprinter Archie Hahn was champion in the 60 m, 100 m and 200 m. In this last race, he set an Olympic record in 21.6, a natural record that stood for 28 years. In the discus, after American Martin Sheridan had thrown exactly the same distance as his compatriot, Ralph Rose (39.28 m), the judges gave them both an extra throw to decide the winner. Sheridan won the decider and claimed the gold medal. Ray Ewry again won all three standing jumps.[4][5]

The team representing Great Britain was awarded a total of two medals, both won by Irish athletes. The top non-U.S. athlete was Emil Rausch of Germany, who won three swimming events. Zoltán Halmay of Hungary and Charles Daniels of the United States each won two swimming gold medals. Galt Football Club from Canada won the gold medal in football.[4][5]

Anthropology Days

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An Ainu man competing in an archery contest during "Anthropology Days"

The organizers of the World's Fair held "Anthropology Days" on August 12 and 13. Since the 1889 Paris Exposition, human zoos, as a key feature of world's fairs, functioned as demonstrations of anthropological notions of race, progress, and civilization. These goals were followed also at the 1904 World's Fair. Fourteen hundred indigenous people from Southeast Asia, the Pacific Islands, East Asia, Africa, the Middle East, South America and North America were displayed in anthropological exhibits that showed them in their natural habitats. Another 1600 indigenous people displayed their culture in other areas of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition (LPE), including on the fairgrounds and at the Model School, where American Indian boarding schools students demonstrated their successful assimilation.[6] The sporting event itself took place with the participation of about 100 paid indigenous men (no women participated in Anthropology Days, though some, notably the Fort Shaw Indian School girls basketball team, did compete in other athletic events at the LPE). Contests included "baseball throwing, shot put, running, broad jumping, weight lifting, pole climbing, and tugs-of-war before a crowd of approximately ten thousand".[7] According to theorist Susan Brownell, world's fairs – with their inclusion of human zoos – and the Olympics were a logical fit at this time, as they "were both linked to an underlying cultural logic that gave them a natural affinity".[8] Also, one of the original intentions of Anthropology Days was to create publicity for the official Olympic events.[9][10]

Sports

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The 1904 Summer Olympic program featured 16 sports encompassing 95 events in 18 disciplines. Swimming, diving and water polo are considered three disciplines of the same sport, aquatics. In July 2021 the IOC accepted the recommendation of Olympic historian Bill Mallon regarding which sports and events should be considered as Olympic.[11] The number of events in each discipline is noted in parentheses.

New sports

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Francis Olympic Field, Washington University in St. Louis, 1904

Boxing made its Olympic debut at the St. Louis Games. The sport has since featured at every Summer Olympics, except for the 1912 Stockholm Games.

While wrestling made a return, it was exclusively the newly debuted catch wrestling (which later became freestyle wrestling) as opposed to Greco-Roman style of the 1896 Summer Olympics. Five nations were represented, with each of the 42 competitors having resided in the United States.[12][13] Later editions would have both styles of wrestling in their programs.

Demonstration sports

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Basketball, hurling, American football and Gaelic football were featured as unofficial sports. There was a demonstration bout of women's boxing.[14] Baseball is also noted by the World Baseball Softball Confederation to have appeared at the Games,[15] though it does not appear in the list compiled by Olympic historian Bill Mallon[11] and any results are not known.

Venues

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class=notpageimage|
Map of St. Louis with Olympic venues marked. Creve Coeur Lake is located further west.

Five sports venues were used for the 1904 Summer Olympics. The venues included Glen Echo Country Club, the first golf course constructed west of the Mississippi River, which had opened in 1901.[16] Three Olympic sports were hosted at Forest Park, the site of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition which was being held concurrently with the Olympics: the Life Saving Exhibition Lake at Forest Park was used for the diving, swimming, and water polo events.[17][18][19]

Creve Coeur Lake became the first park of St. Louis County in 1945.[20] The Lake has hosted rowing regattas since 1882 and still hosts them as of 2010.[21][22] Francis Olympic Field and Gymnasium are still in use on the Washington University in St. Louis campus as of 2021.[23][24] An ornamental gate commemorating the 1904 Games was constructed outside the stadium immediately after the Exposition.[23] A swimming pool was added to the gymnasium in 1985.[24] Forest Park, constructed in 1876, is still in use as of 2021 and attracts over 12 million visitors annually.[25] Glen Echo Country Club remains in use as a golf course today as of 2021.[16]

Venue Sports Capacity Ref.
Creve Coeur Lake Rowing Not listed [26]
Francis Olympic Field Archery, Athletics, Cycling, Football, Gymnastics, Lacrosse, Roque, Tennis, Tug of war, Weightlifting, Wrestling 19,000 [27]
Francis Gymnasium Boxing, Fencing Not listed [28]
Forest Park Diving, Swimming, Water polo Not listed [29]
Glen Echo Country Club Golf Not listed [16]

Participating nations

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Participants.
Blue = Participated for the first time
Green = Previously participated
Host city (St Louis) marked by yellow square
Number of athletes from each country

Athletes from twelve nations competed in St. Louis. Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of known competitors for each nation.[30] Due to the difficulty of getting to St. Louis in 1904, and European tensions caused by the Russo-Japanese War, only 69–74 athletes from outside North America participated in the Olympics.

Participating National Olympic Committees

Disputed

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Some sources also list athletes from the following nations as having competed at these Games:

Number of athletes by National Olympic Committees

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Medal count

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Main article: 1904 Summer Olympics medal table

These are the nations that won medals at the 1904 Games.

The silver medal of the 1904 Olympics for the 800 meter run
RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1 United States*767877231
2 Germany45615
3 Canada4116
4 Cuba3003
5 Hungary2114
 Mixed team2114
7 Norway2002
8 Austria1113
9 Great Britain1102
10 Switzerland1023
11 Greece1012
12 Australia0314
13 France0101
Totals (13 entries)979291280

Notes on medalists

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The nationalities of some medalists were disputed, as many American athletes were recent immigrants to the United States who had not yet been granted U.S. citizenship. In July 2021, the IOC accepted the recommendations of Olympic historian Bill Mallon, and adjusted their database with regard to the following cases:

  • In 2009, historians from the International Society of Olympic Historians discovered that cyclist Frank Bizzoni, believed to be an American, was still an Italian citizen when he competed in 1904: he received U.S. citizenship in 1917.[33]
  • Two Norwegian-American wrestlers, Charles Ericksen and Bernhoff Hansen won gold medals. In 2012, Norwegian historians found documentation showing that Ericksen did not receive American citizenship until March 22, 1905, while Hansen probably never received American citizenship. The historians therefore petitioned the IOC to have the athletes registered as Norwegians.[34][35] In May 2013, it was reported that the Norwegian Olympic Committee had filed a formal application for changing the nationality of the wrestlers in the IOC's medal database,[36] which was done.
  • Swimmer and multi-medalist Francis Gailey competed in 1904 as an Australian. He immigrated to America in 1906, sailing to San Francisco on the SS Sonoma, and worked as a banker in California, living for a time in Ontario, Canada, where he married Mary Adams, and finally settled in southern California in 1918, managing orange-grove plantations.[37]
  • Multi-medalist Frank Kugler of Germany, a member of the St. Louis Southwest Turnverein team, was granted U.S. citizenship in 1913.[38]
  • Gustav Tiefenthaler was born in Switzerland, but the family moved to the United States when he was a child: he represented the South Broadway AC in St. Louis. At the Olympics, Tiefenthaler wrestled one bout and lost, but earned a bronze medal.[39]
  • French-American Albert Corey won silver medals in the marathon, and in the team race as part of a mixed team (together with four undisputed Americans).[40]
  • Austrian-American gymnast Julius Lenhart won gold and silver medals in individual events and gold medal in team competition as a part of the mixed team.

The IOC also counted one gold, one silver, and two bronze medals won by the American fencer Albertson Van Zo Post for Cuba instead of the United States: the IOC also showed Charles Tatham as Cuban for individual fencing events and American for the team event, but he was an American.[41]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Factsheet – Opening Ceremony of the Games f the Olympiad" (PDF) (Press release). International Olympic Committee. 13 September 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 August 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
  2. ^ "The Olympic Summer Games Factsheet" (PDF). International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
  3. ^ Stead, W. T. (1901). The Americanization of the World. Horace Markley. p. 341.
  4. ^ a b "1904 Summer Olympics". Olympedia.
  5. ^ a b Evan Andrews (29 August 2014). "8 Unusual Facts About the 1904 St. Louis Olympics". history.com.
  6. ^ Karen Abbott (7 August 2012). "The 1904 Olympic Marathon May Have Been the Strangest Ever". Smithsonian Magazine.
  7. ^ Parezo, N. J. (2008). p. 59.
  8. ^ Brownell, Susan, ed. (2008). p. 29.
  9. ^ Parezo, N. J. (2008). p. 84.
  10. ^ Brownell, Susan, ed. (2008). p. 34.
  11. ^ a b "1904 Olympic Games — Analysis and Summaries" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 July 2011.
  12. ^ "Wrestling at the 1904 Summer Olympics". www.olympedia.org. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
  13. ^ Nash, John S. (20 October 2012). "Olympic History: Catch-As-Catch-Can Wrestling? Yep". Cageside Seats. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
  14. ^ "Women's Boxing". GB Boxing. Archived from the original on 24 August 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
  15. ^ "Baseball in the Olympics: A sport with an Olympic history that starts with Royals trying to play with an orange". World Baseball Softball Confederation. 14 July 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
  16. ^ a b c Healey, Jim (19 March 2009). "Glen Echo County Club". golfclubatlas.com. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  17. ^ "Diving at the 1904 St. Louis Summer Games: Men's Springboard". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  18. ^ "Swimming at the 1904 St. Louis Summer Games". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  19. ^ "Water Polo at the 1904 St. Louis Summer Games: Men's Water Polo". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  20. ^ "Parks in St. Louis County, Missouri" (PDF). co.st-louis.mo.us. St. Louis County Department of Parks and Recreation. 2002. p. 103. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 June 2006. Retrieved 4 October 2010.
  21. ^ "CONTESTS AT THE OARS; THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY REGATTA—ROWING AT PAWTUCKET" (PDF). The New York Times. 25 June 1882. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
  22. ^ "SPORTING AFFAIRS". Chicago Tribune. 11 May 1885. Archived from the original on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
  23. ^ a b Washington University in St. Louis profile of Francis Field. – accessed November 23, 2018.
  24. ^ a b Washington University in St. Louis profile of Francis Gymnasium. – accessed November 23, 2018.
  25. ^ St. Louis, Missouri city profile of Forest Park. – accessed November 23, 2018.
  26. ^ J. E. Sullivan, ed. (January 1905). "Official Report of the Olympic Games of 1904 (in Spalding's Official Athletic Almanac for 1905)" (PDF). LA84 Foundation. p. 213. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 August 2011. Retrieved 4 October 2010.
  27. ^ J. E. Sullivan, ed. (January 1905). pp. 222–9, 233–47.
  28. ^ J. E. Sullivan, ed. (January 1905). pp. 231, 245.
  29. ^ J. E. Sullivan, ed. (January 1905). pp. 229, 231.
  30. ^ Mallon, Bill (1998). "1904 Olympic Games – Analysis and Summaries" (PDF). LA84 Foundation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  31. ^ "Italy at the 1904 St. Louis Summer Games". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020.
  32. ^ "Newfoundland at the 1904 St. Louis Summer Games". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020.
  33. ^ Grasso, John; Mallon, Bill; Heijmans, Jeroen (May 2015). Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement (5th ed.). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 284. ISBN 978-1-4422-4859-5.
  34. ^ "Her er beviset som endrer norsk idrettshistorie". NRK. 14 August 2012.
  35. ^ "USA-guld 1904 var Norges". Svenska Dagbladet. 14 August 2012.
  36. ^ "Norges OL-historie skrives på nytt". Nettavisen. 3 May 2013. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
  37. ^ "Australian Olympic Committee: Australia's lost Olympian won four medals". Archived from the original on 16 August 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  38. ^ "Frank Kugler". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  39. ^ "Gustav Tiefenthaler". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  40. ^ "St Louis 1904 Athletics - Results & Videos". Archived from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
  41. ^ "St. Louis 1904 Fencing Results". Olympic.org. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
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