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117th Brigade (United Kingdom)

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117th Brigade
Active10 December 1914–27 April 1915
12 July 1915–18 November 1918
19 November 1918–10 July 1919
Country United Kingdom
Branch New Army
TypeInfantry
Size3–4 Battalions
Part of39th Division
EngagementsBattle of the Somme
Battle of the Ancre
Third Battle of Ypres
German spring offensive
Commanders
Notable
commanders		Brig-Gen Richard Oldman
Brig-Gen George Armytage

The 117th Brigade was an infantry formation of the British Army during World War I. Originally raised in December 1914 from locally-raised volunteer units of 'Kitchener's Army' known as 'Pals battalions', it was later redesignated and the number was transferred to a new 'Pals' brigade formed in July 1915. It fought with 39th Division on the Somme and the Ancre, at Ypres and in the German spring offensive. After the appalling casualties in that campaign it was relegated to a training organisation preparing US Army units for active service. It was disbanded shortly after the Armistice with Germany, but the number was transferred to another formation brought under 39th Division. It was disbanded in 1919.

Original 117th Brigade

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Alfred Leete's recruitment poster for Kitchener's Army.

On 6 August 1914, less than 48 hours after Britain's declaration of war, Parliament sanctioned an increase of 500,000 men for the Regular British Army. The newly-appointed Secretary of State for War, Earl Kitchener of Khartoum, issued his famous call to arms: 'Your King and Country Need You', urging the first 100,000 volunteers to come forward. This group of six divisions with supporting arms became known as Kitchener's First New Army, or 'K1'.[1][2] The K2, K3 and K4 battalions, brigades and divisions followed soon afterwards. But the flood of volunteers overwhelmed the ability of the Army to absorb them, and the K5 units were largely raised by local initiative rather than at regimental depots, often from men from particular localities or backgrounds who wished to serve together: these were known as 'Pals battalions'. The 'Pals' phenomenon quickly spread across the country, as local recruiting committees offered complete units to the War Office (WO). On 10 December 1914 the WO authorised the formation of another six divisions and their brigades to command these K5 units, including 117th Brigade in 39th Division. The original 117th Bde comprised the 'Lonsdale Battalion' and three battalions of 'Glasgow Pals':[3][4]

New 117th Brigade

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39th Division's insignia.[5]

However, on 10 April 1915 the WO decided to convert the K4 battalions into reserve units. The K4 divisions and brigades were broken up and the K5 formations took over their numbers, so that 117th Brigade in 39th Division became 97th Bde in 32nd Division.[3][4][6] Authorisation for three new infantry brigades – 116th, 117th and 118th – to constitute a new 39th Division was issued on 12 July 1915.[6][7]

The new 39th Division began to assemble around Winchester early in August 1915, but when it moved to Aldershot at the end of September it still consisted of little more than 117th Bde Headquarters (HQ) and three of its Pals battalions: 'St Pancras', 'British Empire League' and the 'Chatsworth Rifles'. In November the division moved to Witley Camp in Surrey, where the remaining units joined and it completed its training. Mobilisation orders were received during February 1916 and after some delays entrainment for Southampton Docks began on 2 March. The brigade embarked and sailed to Le Havre, and by 8 March had completed its landing under the command of Brigadier-General P. Holland, with Major C. Stansfield as Brigade major and Captain A.H. Fetherstonhaugh as staff captain. It then moved to the divisional concentration area at Blaringhem in First Army's area.[7][8][9][10][11][12]

Order of Battle

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117th Brigade was constituted as follows:[7][8]

Service

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The Ancre battlefield, including Thiepval and the Stuff Redoubt.
German trench at St Pierre-Divion with the Ancre in the background, after the fighting in November 1916.
A team of stretcher-bearers struggling to evacuate a wounded man after the Battle of Pilckem Ridge.

The brigade took part in the following actions:[7][8]

1916

1917

1918

  • German spring offensive:
    • Battle of St Quentin 22–23 March: When the offensive began on 21 March 39th Division was in GHQ Reserve. Having moved up and dug in, 117th Bde was heavily attacked and carried out a fighting withdrawal[28][29][30]
    • Actions at the Somme Crossings 24–25 March: 117th Bde covered the demolition of the bridges[31][32]
    • Battle of Rosières 26–27 March: 117th Bde established a strong line but was compelled to withdraw after a breakthrough elsewhere; on 27 March it was cut off from 39th Divisional HQ for a while, and temporarily reorganised as a composite battalion under Lt-Col the Hon Edward Coke of 16th RB. The retreat continued on 28 March, but 39th Division then halted and made small-scale counter-attacks until relieved on 30/31 March[33][34][35]

Each brigade was now hardly stronger than a single battalion, and the infantry of 39th Division was reorganised as '39th Composite Brigade'. 117th Brigade formed No 3 Battalion under Lt-Col Coke (16th RB) and A & B Companies of No 5 Battalion. The composite brigade then fought in the following actions with XXII Corps:[7][8][36][37]

Reorganisation

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While the composite brigade was still in action, 39th Divisional HQ moved to Éperlecques, north-west of Saint-Omer. 39th Composite Bde was broken up and rejoined the division on 6 May. Following their crippling losses during the German spring offensive, the infantry brigades of 39th Division were withdrawn from active service. Their battalions were reduced to training cadres (TCs) and the TMBs broken up, the surplus personnel being drafted as reinforcements to other units. All three of 117th Bde's TCs were transferred to 197th Bde in 66th Division, and both 39th and 66th Divisions became holding formations for a number of TCs from other divisions. Over the following months 117th Bde had the following under its command:[7][8][9][10][11][36][39]

The 77th US Division had arrived at Éperlecques, and it began training under the guidance of the 39th Division TCs on 7 May. On 7 June 39th Divisional HQ moved to Wolphus, also near Saint-Omer, and over the next two months its TCs trained the 30th, 78th and 80th US Divisions in turn. In mid-August 39th Division moved to the French coast with 117th Bde at Rouen. On 1 November the division. was ordered to demobilise its remaining TCs, and this was completed before hostilities ended with the Armistice with Germany on 11 November. 117th Brigade was disbanded on 18 November, but 39th Division took over No 2 Line of Communication Reception Camp (for malarial convalescents) at Martin-Église, which was redesignated 117th Bde on 19 November. 39th Divisional HQ and its remaining subordinate units closed down on 10 July 1919.[7]

Commanders

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The following officers commanded the brigade:[7]

  • Brig-Gen P. Holland, appointed 15 July 1915; sick 2–6 April 1916
  • Lieutenant-Colonel E.B. Hales, acting 2–6 April
  • Brig-Gen R.D.F. Oldman, appointed 15 April 1916
  • Lt-Col C.H. Stepney, acting 5–9 March 1917
  • Brig-Gen G.A. Armytage, appointed 9 March 1917
  • Lt-Col A.P.H. Le Prevost (17th KRRC), acting 21 March 1918[29]
  • Lt-Col Hon E. Coke (16th RB) commanding 117th Bde Composite Battalion 27 March 1918
  • Lt-Col C.C. Stapleden, acting 4–7 October 1918
  • Brig-Gen Hon W.P. Hore-Ruthven, appointed 7 October 1918
  • Brig-Gen C.W. Compton, appointed 17 October 1918
  • Capt M.A. Ellissen, acting 6 November to disbandment 18 November 1918
  • Brig-Gen T.S.H. Walsh (appointed to No 2 LofC Area Reception Camp 19 September 1918) from 19 November 1918 to demobilisation

Insignia

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39th Division's formation badge was a white square with three light blue vertical stripes. This was worn on the upper arm.[5] Within 117th Bde, the battalions wore identifying signs in green (the traditional Facing colour of the Sherwood Foresters was Lincoln green while the two rifle regiments wore Rifle green dress uniforms) with black symbols superimposed. These were:[40]

  • 16th Sherwood Foresters – green horizontal rectangle with black horizontal bar[41]
  • 17th Sherwood Foresters (from November 1915) – green half oval (flat edge upwards) with black diamond (brown diamond from 1 September 1917)[41]
  • 17th KRRC (from 8 March 1916) – green half oval (flat edge downwards) with black square[42]
  • 16th Rifle Brigade – green half oval (flat edge downwards) with black Maltese cross[43]
  • 117th MG Company – green MGC badge shape with black skull and crossbones

World War II

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A new 117th Infantry Brigade Royal Marines was formed in the UK on 15 January 1945, with three Royal Marines battalions under command, and sent to carry out occupation duties in the naval base of Kiel after VE Day.[44]

Notes

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  1. ^ War Office Instructions No 32 (6 August) and No 37 (7 August).
  2. ^ Becke, Pt 3a, pp. 2 & 8.
  3. ^ a b Becke, pp. 21–7.
  4. ^ a b 32nd Division at Long, Long Trail.
  5. ^ a b Elderton & Gibbs, pp. 35, 37, 51.
  6. ^ a b Becke, Appendix 2.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h Becke, pp. 91–100.
  8. ^ a b c d e 39th Division at Long, Long Trail.
  9. ^ a b c d James, p. 87.
  10. ^ a b c James, p. 95.
  11. ^ a b c James, p. 111.
  12. ^ a b 17th KRRC War Diary April 1915–June 1919, The National Archives (TNA), Kew, file WO 95/2586/2.
  13. ^ Farndale, Annex G.
  14. ^ Berkeley, p. 194.
  15. ^ Hare, pp. 156–8.
  16. ^ Miles, 1916, Vol II, pp. 280–2.
  17. ^ Hare, pp. 173–4.
  18. ^ Miles, 1916, Vol II, p. 454.
  19. ^ Berkeley, pp. 230–1.
  20. ^ Miles, 1916, Vol II, p. 464.
  21. ^ Miles, 1916, Vol II, pp. 481–2.
  22. ^ Edmonds, 1917, Vol II, p. 159.
  23. ^ Hare, pp. 224–5.
  24. ^ Seymour, pp. 102–6.
  25. ^ Edmonds, 1917, Vol II, pp. 261–2.
  26. ^ a b Hare, pp. 240–1.
  27. ^ Seymour, pp. 141–6.
  28. ^ Edmonds, 1918, Vol I, pp. 291, 295–6, 355, 359–60.
  29. ^ a b Hare, pp. 310–2.
  30. ^ Seymour, pp. 241, 248.
  31. ^ Hare, pp. 312–3.
  32. ^ Seymour, pp. 255, 260.
  33. ^ Edmonds, 1918, Vol II, pp. 20–1, 26–7, 49, 92, 104.
  34. ^ Hare, pp. 313–5.
  35. ^ Seymour, pp. 263, 260, 265, 268, 271–3, 275.
  36. ^ a b Edmonds, 1918, Vol II, p. 246.
  37. ^ Seymour, pp. 289–90.
  38. ^ Edmonds, 1918, Vol II, p. 425.
  39. ^ Seymour, p. 296.
  40. ^ Hibberd, p. 44.
  41. ^ a b Bilton, pp. 235–7.
  42. ^ Bilton, pp. 267, 272.
  43. ^ Bilton, pp. 339, 343.
  44. ^ Joslen, p. 309.

References

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  • Maj A.F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 3b: New Army Divisions (30–41) and 63rd (R.N.) Division, London: HM Stationery Office, 1939/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, ISBN 1-847347-41-X.
  • Capt Reginald Berkeley, The History of the Rifle Brigade in the War of 1914–1918, Vol I, August 1914–December 1916, London: The Rifle Brigade Club, 1927/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2003, ISBN 978-1-847346-98-8.
  • David Bilton, The Badges of Kitchener's Army, Barnsley: Pen & Sword, 2018, ISBN 978-1-47383-366-1.
  • Brig-Gen Sir James E. Edmonds, History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium 1917, Vol II, Messines and Third Ypres (Passchendaele), London: HM Stationery Office, 1948/Uckfield: Imperial War Museum and Naval and Military Press, 2009, ISBN 978-1-845747-23-7.
  • Brig-Gen Sir James E. Edmonds, History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium 1918, Vol I, The German March Offensive and its Preliminaries, London: Macmillan, 1935/Imperial War Museum and Battery Press, 1995, ISBN 0-89839-219-5/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2009, ISBN 978-1-84574-725-1.
  • Brig-Gen Sir James E. Edmonds, History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium 1918, Vol II, March–April: Continuation of the German Offensives, London: Macmillan, 1937/Imperial War Museum and Battery Press, 1995, ISBN 1-87042394-1/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2009, ISBN 978-1-84574-726-8.
  • Clive Elderton & Gary Gibbs, World War One British Army Corps and Divisional Signs, Wokingham: Military History Society, 2018.
  • Gen Sir Martin Farndale, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: Western Front 1914–18, Woolwich: Royal Artillery Institution, 1986, ISBN 1-870114-00-0.
  • Maj-Gen Sir Steuart Hare, The Annals of the King's Royal Rifle Corps, Vol V: The Great War, London:John Murray. 1932/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2015, ISBN 978-1-84342-456-8.
  • Mike Hibberd, Infantry Divisions, Identification Schemes 1917, Wokingham: Military History Society, 2016.
  • Brig E.A. James, British Regiments 1914–18, London: Samson Books, 1978, ISBN 0-906304-03-2/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2001, ISBN 978-1-84342-197-9.
  • Lt-Col H.F. Joslen, Orders of Battle, United Kingdom and Colonial Formations and Units in the Second World War, 1939–1945, London: HM Stationery Office, 1960/London: London Stamp Exchange, 1990, ISBN 0-948130-03-2/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2003, ISBN 1-843424-74-6.
  • Capt Wilfred Miles, History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium 1916, Vol II, 2nd July 1916 to the End of the Battles of the Somme, London: Macmillan, 1938/Imperial War Museum & Battery Press, 1992, ISBN 0-89839-169-5/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2005, ISBN 978-1-84574-721-3.
  • Brig-Gen William W. Seymour, The History of the Rifle Brigade in the War of 1914–1918, Vol II, January 1917–June 1919, London: The Rifle Brigade Club, 1936/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2003, ISBN 978-1-847346-98-8
  • Instructions Issued by The War Office During August, 1914, London: HM Stationery Office, 1916

External sources

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