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Draft History of Qing

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(Redirected from 清史稿)
This article is about the history compilation project active from 1914 to 1927. For the project active from 2002 to 2023, see History of Qing (People's Republic). For the school of historiographical thought, see New Qing History.

The Draft History of Qing (Chinese: 清史稿; pinyin: Qīngshǐ gǎo) is a draft of the official history of the Qing dynasty compiled and written by a team of over 100 historians led by Zhao Erxun who were hired by the Beiyang government of the Republic of China. The draft was published in 1928, but the Chinese Civil War caused a lack of funding for the project and it was put to an end in 1930.[1] The two sides of the Chinese civil war, the People's Republic of China and Republic of China have attempted to complete it.

History

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The Qing imperial court had previously established a Bureau of State Historiography that pre-compiled its own dynastic history.[1]

The massive book was started in 1914, and the rough copy was finished in about 1927.

1,100 copies of the book were published. The Beiyang government moved 400 of the original draft into the northern provinces, where it re-edited the content twice, thus creating three different versions of the book.

It was banned by the Nationalist Government in 1930. The ban was lifted later, but still no further work was actually done partly due to continued warfare including the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945). According to historian Hsi-yuan Chen, further work was discouraged by the obsolescence of the Imperial Chinese conceptions of political legitimacy and historiography, which the making of an "official history" inherently assumed.[1]

Contents

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The draft contains 529 volumes. It attempts to follow the form of previous official histories, and is organized into four sections:

  • Annals (纪; 記; jì), chronicling the reigns of emperors
  • Treatises (志; zhì), detailing specific events
  • Tables (表; biǎo), containing lists of important people in important posts or royal lineages
  • Biographies (传; 傳; zhuàn), written about notable or representative people.

Shortcomings

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Because of the lack of funding, the authors were forced to publish quickly, and consequently this project was never finished, remaining in the draft stage. In rushing to publication, the authors were motivated by the political instability of the period.[2] The authors openly acknowledged their rush, and admitted there may have been factual or superficial errors.[3]

The draft was later criticized for being biased against the Xinhai Revolution. Notably, it does not have records of historical figures in the revolution, even those that had been born before the end of the Qing dynasty, although it includes biographies of various others who were born after the collapse of the Qing dynasty. The historians, who were Qing loyalists and/or sympathizers, had a tendency to villainize the revolutionaries.[4] In fact, the draft completely avoided the use of the Republic of China calendar, which was unacceptable for an official history meant to endorse the rise of a new regime.[1]

Modern attempts

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See also: History of Qing (People's Republic)

In 1961, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the declaration of the Republic of China, the Republic of China government in Taiwan published its own History of Qing, added 21 supplementary chapters to the Draft History of Qing and revised many existing chapters to denounce the Communist Party as an illegitimate, impostor regime. It also removed the passages that were derogatory towards the Xinhai Revolution.[5] This edition has not been accepted as the official History of Qing because it is recognized that it was a rushed job published for political purposes. Nor does it correct most of the many errors known to exist in the Draft History of Qing.[1]

An additional project, attempting to actually write a New History of Qing incorporating new materials and improvements in historiography, lasted from 1988 to 2000 and only published 33 chapters out of the over 500 projected.[1] The New History was abandoned because of the rise of the Pan-Green Coalition, which saw Taiwan as a separate entity from China and therefore not as the new Chinese regime that would be responsible for writing the official history of the previous dynasty.

In 1961, the People's Republic of China also attempted to complete writing the history of the Qing dynasty, but the historians were prevented from doing so by the Cultural Revolution which started in 1966.[4]

In 2002, the PRC once again announced that it would complete the History of Qing.[6] The project was approved in 2003,[7] and put under the leadership of historian Dai Yi.[8] Initially planned to be completed in 10 years,[9] the completion of the first draft was later pushed to 2016.[10][11] Chinese Social Sciences Today reported in April 2020 that the project's results were being reviewed.[12] The draft was rejected in November 2023, apparently because of official discontent with the narrative it presented and the influence of the so-called New Qing History school.[13]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f Chen, Hsi-yuan (2004). "Last chapter unfinished: The making of the official Qing History and the crisis of Traditional Chinese Historiography". Historiography East and West. 2 (2): 173–204. doi:10.1163/157018606779068306. ISSN 1570-1867. S2CID 153377177.
  2. ^ Laikwan, Pang (2024). One and All: The Logic of Chinese Sovereignty. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. p. 8. ISBN 9781503638815.
  3. ^ 發刊綴言 [Preface]. Qīngshǐ gǎo 清史稿 [Draft History of Qing] (in Chinese) (Revised ed.). Zhonghua shuju. 1977.
  4. ^ a b Wilkinson, Endymion (2012). Chinese history : a new manual. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Asia Center. pp. 834–5. ISBN 978-0674067158.
  5. ^ 台灣版《清史》一年速成 筆墨官司幾上幾下. big5.huaxia.com (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 9 August 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
  6. ^ Huáiràng, Yuè (3 April 2019). 新修《清史》已进入稿件通读阶段，预计今年出版问世. Péngpài Xīnwén 澎湃新闻 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 12 April 2019.
  7. ^ Mao, Liping; Ma, Zhao (2012). ""Writing History in the Digital Age": The New Qing History Project and the Digitization of Qing Archives". History Compass. 10 (5): 367–374. doi:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2012.00841.x.
  8. ^ Chéng, Chóngdé (3 January 2021). 戴逸先生与清史纂修前的准备工作. Guangming 光明 (in Chinese).
  9. ^ 中新社网站 (26 August 2003). 两岸学者聚京共商清史纂修大计 预计10年完成. 新浪军事 (in Chinese).
  10. ^ Rèn, Chéngqí; Hǎo, Xìngzǐ (1 January 2016). "Xīn xiū "Qīng Shǐ" chūgǎo wánchéng" 新修《清史》初稿完成 [The first draft of the newly revised Qing History has been completed.]. Rénmín Rìbào Hǎiwài Bǎn 人民日报海外版. Archived from the original on 16 February 2016.
  11. ^ Rèn, Mǐn (18 December 2013). Sòng, Yǔchéng (ed.). "Guójiā Qīngshǐ Biānzuǎn Gōngchéng yǐ wánchéng chūgǎo" 国家清史编纂工程已完成初稿 [The first draft of the National Qing History Compilation Project has been completed]. Běijīng Xīnwén 北京新闻 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 19 December 2013.
  12. ^ Guo, Fei (21 April 2020). Ma, Yuhong (ed.). "Dai Yi speaks on Qing history national compilation project". Chinese Social Sciences Today. Archived from the original on 14 September 2021.
  13. ^ Ji Xiaohua (紀曉華) (2023-11-07). "Zhōngguó guānchá: Wèi tōngguò zhèngshěn "Qīngshǐ" chùjiāo" 中國觀察：未通過政審 《清史》觸礁 [China Watch: "History of Qing" failed to pass political review and has hit a snag]. Singtao USA (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2023-11-18. Retrieved 2023-11-18. 不過，耶魯大學法學院華裔教授張泰蘇近日在社交媒體引述可靠消息來源稱，「清史項目產出的完整稿子沒過政審，原因與『受國外新清史影響過大』有關。」
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