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Živko Topalović

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Živko Topalović(left) talking with Draža Mihailović(right)

Živko Topalović (21 March 1886 – 11 February 1972) was a Serbian and Yugoslav socialist politician. Topalović became a leading figure in the Socialist Party of Yugoslavia, founded in 1921.[1][2] During World War II he became a prominent member of Draža Mihailović's Chetniks.

Early life

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Topalović graduated from the Užice high school in 1904. During his time in Užice, he met Dimitrije Tucović, Radovan Dragović and Dragiša Lapčević, the founders of socialism in Serbia and started on the path of a life-long socialist.[3] By the age of 18, he became a union instructor and secretary of the Alliance of Textile Workers of Serbia.[4]

He leaves for Belgrade to successfully pursue his studies in law, obtaining a PhD in criminal law. Between 1910 and 1912 he was in Paris and Berlin, studying further. His studies were cut short by the outbreak of the First Balkan War. As a mobilised reserve officer, he participated in both of the Balkan Wars, most notably the battles of Kumanovo and Bregalnica. After the end of the Second Balkan War, he continued his studies.

World War I

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During the First World War, Topalović served as a sublieutenant. He participated in the Cer and Kolubara battles. He was one of the soldiers in the burial detail of Dimitrije Tucović on Vrapče Brdo, after Tucović was killed in action.

Topalović was heavily wounded in the 1914 fights around Belgrade and captured by von Mackensen's forces.[5] Most of the time in captivity, he spent at the K. u. k. Kriegsgefangenenlager Aschach an der Donau concentration camp.[6] He was exchanged in late 1917 in a mass exchange of wounded officers between Serbia and Austria-Hungary.[4] At the behest of the Serbian Red Cross, he held a lecture on Corfu about the conditions that the Serbian POWs faced in Austro-Hungarian captivity, as he served as a liaison between the POWs and the authorities.[7]

Interwar period

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Topalović was leader of the 'centralist' faction in the Communist Party of Yugoslavia, which opposed the worker's revolution. During the party's congress in Vukovar, Topalović argued that the situation in Yugoslavia was not revolutionary and that the principles of the Second International should not be followed. Not a single centralist was elected in the party's leadership during the congress, so they left the party and founded their own.[8] Topalović represented Yugoslavia in the executive of the Labour and Socialist International between May 1923 and January 1929. He shared his seat with the Bulgarian socialist leader Yanko Sakazov until August 1925, then sharing it with Bolesław Drobner of the Independent Socialist Labour Party of Poland until June 1928 and from June 1928 to January 1929 with Joseph Kruk.[9] During 30s Topalović had good relations with at the time Belgrade police chief Milan Aćimović. He was jokingly nicknamed 'gazda(boss) Živko', as he enriched himself during interwar period. He was lawyer by profession.[8]

World War II

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During the Second World War, Topalović became a close associate with the Chetnik leader Draža Mihailović. Topalović became the president of the Ba Congress held in village Ba and assembled by Mihailović.[10][11] During this congress Topalović proposed that Bosnia should be fourth federal unit, besides Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia, but this was opposed by Dragiša Vasić and Stevan Moljević.[12] On the last day of the Ba Congress, Topalović presented his work against Yugoslav Partisans, which was made in reaction to the Second AVNOJ meeting. At the end he made a 'call' to the Partisans to put themselves under Mihalović's command, as 'communists should end civil war they began'.[13]

In the village of Trbušani near Čačak in the end of April 1944, Topalović alongside Miroslav Trifunović and Predrag Raković met with Milan Aćimović and representative of Hermann Neubacher, Nazi delegate for Southeastern Europe. During the meeting, a joint fight against the Partisans was discussed, as well as, arming Chetniks.[14] On 31 May 1944, Topalović left for Italy with his wife alongside Charles Armstrong, British officer on liaison mission to Chetniks. His mission was to help Chetniks through diplomacy, as it was clear that the allies were going to win the war, and the Chetnik position was desperate.[15] Topalović praised Chetniks and attacked Partisans in a report, advising allies to rely on Mihalović.[16] During September Topalović formed the board of Central National Committee in Italy.[17]

His books were banned by the Yugoslav government in 1947.[18]

References

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  1. ^ Banac, Ivo. The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1984. pp. 198-199.
  2. ^ IISH, Živko Topalović Papers
  3. ^ Zoran, Žeravčić (22 November 2019). "Dr Živko Topalović (Užice 1886 – Beč 1972): socijalista, borac za radnička prava, politički emigrant". Kolektiv Užice. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
  4. ^ a b Суботић, Драган (2011). Cрпски социјалиста др Живко Топаловић: (1886-1972) [Serbian Socialist Dr Živko Topalović: (1886-1972)] (in Serbian). Beograd: Институт за политичке студије. pp. 257–259. ISBN 978-86-7419-235-1.
  5. ^ "Дневне вести. Живко Топаловић". Стража. 9 December 1914.
  6. ^ Vemić, Mirčeta (May 2022). "Mass mortality of Serbian prisoners of war and interned civilians in Austro-Hungarian camps during the First World War 1914-1918". bornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke. 147 – via Books of Jeremiah.
  7. ^ Topalović, Živko (16 October 2022). For Our Prisoners. Books of Jeremiah. ISBN 978-91-988160-0-6.
  8. ^ a b Milovanović 1983b, p. 201.
  9. ^ Kowalski, Werner. Geschichte der sozialistischen arbeiter-internationale: 1923 - 19. Berlin: Dt. Verl. d. Wissenschaften, 1985. p. 283
  10. ^ Pavlowitch, Stevan K. Serbia: The History Behind the Name. London: Hurst & Co, 2001. p. 152
  11. ^ Pavlowitch, Stevan K. Hitler's New Disorder: The Second World War in Yugoslavia. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008. p. 289
  12. ^ (Vesović & Nikolić 1996, p. 67):"Ж. Топаловић је чак предлагао да Босна буде четврта федерална јединица, али су се томе оштро противили Д. ... Мољевић је био и против стварања нове политичке организације - ЈДНЗ - инсистирао је на проширењу Централног нацио- налног комитета и да конгрес у селу Ба ..."
  13. ^ Milovanović 1983b, p. 213-214.
  14. ^ Milovanović 1983c, p. 20-21.
  15. ^ Milovanović 1983c, p. 159.
  16. ^ Milovanović 1983c, p. 161.
  17. ^ Milovanović 1983c, p. 163.
  18. ^ Randelić, Zdenko (2006). Hrvatska u Jugoslaviji 1945. – 1991: od zajedništva do razlaza. Zagreb: Školska knjiga. pp. 156–157. ISBN 953-0-60816-0. 978-953-0-60816-0.

Sources

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